It's a question of major importance to parents, health policy makers and health care professionals — and a focus of national health care quality improvement initiatives. What keeps children from being readmitted to hospitals in the weeks after they're discharged?
Previous research on the subject has focused on the role that hospitals play in the equation. But a new study by doctors at UCLA looked at five factors revolving around the primary physician's office.
Those factors, collectively known as the "primary care medical home," consider whether the child has a personal doctor or nurse, a "usual place" to receive sick and well care, "family-centered care" (which addresses family's overall needs rather than just the illness), an easy time obtaining referrals to specialists, and coordinated care (in which seamless care occurs across specialties, providers and systems).
It turned out that just one of those medical home factors was the most reliable predictor of whether a child would be readmitted to a hospital or emergency room within a month after being discharged: having a routine place to receive sick and well care.
Among children without a consistent place to receive well and sick care, 22 percent were readmitted to the hospital within a month; among those who did have a consistent place for well and sick care, just 10 percent were. In addition, 8 percent of children without a usual place for well and sick care went to a hospital emergency department within seven days of their discharge, versus just 5 percent of children who did have a usual source for well and sick care.
The research was published online in the journal Pediatrics.
The medical home model of care represents the cornerstone of pediatric primary care, especially for patients with special health care needs. But data to support whether or how much it improves health outcomes — particularly in terms of reducing hospital use — is still emerging.
"Our findings support the notion that medical homes that can ensure a usual source for both well and sick care, and can bolster a parent's level of confidence in caring for their child at home, might be able to better help patients avoid the need to be hospitalized again shortly after discharge," said Dr. Thomas Klitzner, a co-author of the study and a professor of pediatric cardiology at Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA."These indicators could help us flag high-risk patients so that we can provide a higher level of support," said Klitzner, who also is executive director of the UCLA Pediatric Medical Home Program.
The study also revealed that parents' level of confidence in their children's continued good health was closely correlated with whether the child would be readmitted.
"When we asked parents upon discharge how confident they felt about their child not coming back to the hospital, we learned that having more confidence was associated with fewer unplanned readmissions or visits to the emergency department," said Dr. Ryan Coller, the study's lead author, a former UCLA faculty member who now is an assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health. "If parents don't believe they can succeed at home, then that is a red flag."
From October 2012 through January 2014, the researchers tracked 701 children who had been hospitalized at UCLA for more than 24 hours. Researchers called the children's families within one week after they were discharged and again 30 days later to ask if the child had been hospitalized or visited an emergency room.
Among the families surveyed, 65 percent did not have a "medical home," meaning that they were missing at least one of the five criteria. Of those families, 65 percent did not have access to a usual source for well and sick care.
Those who did have a medical home were more likely to have commercial health insurance, were more likely to consider a generalist rather than a specialist to be their primary physician and their health problems were less complex. And, at the time the children were discharged, parents of children with a medical home tended to be more confident that their children would avoid a return visit to the hospital or emergency room.
The next phase of the research will examine hospitals' transition practices and the transfer of patient care from inpatient providers to medical home providers.
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