Modern medicine has helped us overcome many diseases which once killed millions of people worldwide each year. Over the course of the 20th century, stronger and more effective drugs and treatments have been developed which have helped us live healthier and longer lives. However, the pathogens we seek to fight also evolve to overcome our treatments. This article will discuss the rise of antimicrobial resistance and superbugs, and what this means for medical science in the 21st century.
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Antimicrobial Resistance – An Overview
Infections caused by pathogenic microbes are historically one of the leading causes of death and have caused numerous epidemics and pandemics throughout human development. Even routine, minor infections which would these days be survivable killed scores of people every year. This period of history, which lasted largely until the mid-20th century, has come to be known as the “pre-antibiotic era”. Many other treatments did exist, but they could be more deadly than the infections they treated.
However, there is now an unfolding medical disaster worldwide – antimicrobial resistance. This occurs when viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites evolve to negate the effects of antimicrobial drugs. This leads to drugs becoming ineffective against common infections and the use of ever-more-powerful classes of drugs which can have negative side effects for the patient. With the rise of antimicrobial resistance, we risk entering the post-antibiotic era.
Several major factors cause the development and spread of drug-resistant microbes. These include misuse and overuse of antibiotics in agriculture and medicine, poor infection and disease control, lack of access to clean water and sanitation, industrial runoff, and lack of awareness and legislative enforcement. Resistance occurs naturally via multi-generational genetic adaptation and mutations in pathogens, some of which can arise spontaneously, as well as the passing of genetic information between strains. It is a natural defense mechanism of microbes.
What are Superbugs?
Superbugs are microbial strains that have become resistant to the drugs used to treat them. They present major roadblocks to the effective treatment of common ailments and have resulted in several well-publicized hospital-based outbreaks in recent years. According to the CDC, these strains infect more than 2.8 million people in the US per year and kill more than 35,000. And it’s not just healthcare settings – strains have been found circulating in communities, posing a major health risk.
A recently developed database of the genes which lead to antibiotic resistance found that there are 20,000 potential r genes (resistance genes) of 400 different types. The good news is that very few of these exist as functional resistance determinants in pathogenic strains. Still, the rise of superbugs is relentless.
Several strains of bacterial superbugs exist and are in circulation in the population. The main strains include:
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- Carbapenem-resist Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)
- Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)
- Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter
- E. coli H30-RX
MRSA, which causes skin infections (serious infections can lead to pneumonia and bloodstream infections) is arguably the most well-known of all the superbugs due to media coverage of recent outbreaks in healthcare settings. The H30-RX strain of E. coli is now one of the main causes of bacterial infections worldwide in women and elderly people. The infection has been found to be healthcare-related.
There are now strains of tuberculosis, once easy to treat with common antibiotics, which are now resistant to the most powerful anti-TB drugs on the market. To put into perspective how much of a threat this poses, by the 1800s TB had killed nearly 1 in 7 of all the people who had ever lived up until that point. Nowadays, it kills about 350 people in the UK every year. But this could all change if these resistant strains of superbug become more widespread in the future.
How Can the Spread of Superbugs be Avoided?
As superbugs adapt and proliferate, they pose a real danger of becoming the dominant strains in society, making the post-antibiotic era a reality. This will in turn lead to hospitalizations and deaths from what in recent years have been easily treatable medical conditions. However, there are ways that the spread of these microbial strains can be controlled. These include:
- Limiting the use of antibiotics in the agriculture industries to the treatment of sick livestock only, and not using them as growth factors for animals.
- Stopping the practice of overprescription and misuse by medical professionals.
- In the case of patients, using prescribed antibiotics correctly by only taking them as directed, not sharing them, and finishing a prescribed course of antibiotics.
- Improving access to clean water for drinking and hygiene.
- Proper sanitation in vulnerable communities and developing countries.
- Washing hands and not sharing towels and hygiene products.
- Proper infection control in healthcare settings.
- Awareness campaigns by governments and public health bodies.
- Implementing robust policies at a local, national and international level to combat antimicrobial drug resistance and superbugs.
In Conclusion
Whilst the outcome of this ongoing health crisis is uncertain and superbugs are becoming more prevalent, there is hope to be found. Research is ongoing into these strains and research may provide data on them that can inform future classes of drugs and therapeutics. The best method we currently have to combat the rise of superbugs lies in mitigation and infection control. To avoid entering the post-antibiotic era requires individuals, healthcare professionals, industry, governments, and international bodies to work together.
References:
Scientists uncover new MRSA resistance mechanism