The experience of a hangover varies between individuals, but, generally it is characterized by headache, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, and dehydration. A hangover can also cause difficulty concentrating, sensitivity to light and noise, thirst, diarrhea, and lethargy. Psychological effects may include feelings of irritable, depressed, or anxious. For some people, just one alcoholic drink can result in a hangover, while others can drink heavily and still not experience a hangover.
The Science of Hangovers
The main reason people get hangovers is drinking too much alcohol. Generally, the body processes approximately one alcoholic drink per hour, so drinking many drinks over a short period increases the risk of a hangover once the intoxicating effects of alcohol are no longer felt. There are a number of reasons why drinking too much alcohol can lead to a hangover and some of these are described below.
Dehydration
Alcoholic is a diuretic and the consumption of alcohol results in water being removed from the body via urination. Urinating more than usual can lead to dehydration, which is what leads to many of the symptoms of a hangover such as a dry mouth, headache, fatigue, and nausea.
Toxins
Ethanol, the alcoholic present in alcoholic drinks, is a toxin that passes into the bloodstream and gets distributed around the body, causing damage and irritation to cells. An even more toxic chemical called acetaldehyde is formed when alcohol is broken down in the liver. Acetaldehyde is targeted by a substance called glutathione, which limits how much damage acetaldehyde can do, but drinking large amounts of alcohol depletes the glutathione level and acetaldehyde is then able to accumulate in the body, causing headaches and sickness.
Congeners
Alcohol fermentation produces by-products called congeners. These impurities, which give many alcoholic drinks their flavor, enhance hangover symptoms. Darker drinks such as red wine and whisky contain more congeners than lighter drinks such as white wine and vodka.
Sleep disruption
Alcohol inhibits the production of a substance called glutamine, which can act as a stimulant and keep people awake. Once a person stops drinking, the body produces an excess of glutamine, which disrupts sleep and leads to fatigue.
Hypoglycemia
Drinking too much alcohol can cause a low blood sugar level, which leads to weakness, light-headedness, tiredness, and a lack of co-ordination.
Stomach irritation
Alcohol increases acid production in the stomach, which irritates the stomach lining, as well as delays the stomach from emptying, which can cause stomach pain and vomiting. Drinking on an empty stomach can enhance stomach irritation and eating something before drinking can reduce the risk of an upset stomach while a person is hungover.
Withdrawal
The tremors and sweating often experienced during a hangover are the result of alcohol withdrawal. Even over the course of one evening, the brain adapts to alcohol and is then left in a state of withdrawal once the blood alcohol content drops. This is why people often opt for “hair of the dog” to relieve hangover symptoms.
Further Reading
Impact of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on alcohol consumption