Nephropathy is a broad medical term used to denote disease or damage of the kidney, which can eventually result in kidney failure. The primary and most obvious functions of the kidney are to excrete any waste products and regulate the water and acid-base balance of the body; therefore, loss of kidney function is a potentially fatal condition.
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Nephropathy is considered a progressive illness; in other words, as kidneys become less and less effective over time with the progression of the disease, the condition of the patient gets worse if left untreated. This is the reason why it is pivotal to receive an adequate diagnosis and treatment as early as possible.
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy is considered a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus that affects approximately one-third of all diabetic patients. It usually accompanies albuminuria with glomerular hyperfiltration and renal hypertrophy in the early stage, often showing a deteriorating course that can lead to end-stage renal failure.
Histopathologically, diabetic nephropathy is characterized by glomerulosclerosis with thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, abnormalities of podocytes, which are the terminally differentiated cells located in the Bowman’s capsule of the kidney, and extracellular matrix accumulation in the glomerular mesangial area.
Proper management of hyperglycemia, hypertension, and serum lipid levels is pivotal in preventing the onset and progression of nephropathy in diabetic patients. Nevertheless, no available treatment has been able to halt the progression of diabetic nephropathy to end-stage renal failure; therefore, new therapeutic modalities to manage diabetic nephropathy are desperately needed.
IgA nephropathy
Since its initial description in 1968, immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy remains the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis that can lead to chronic kidney disease. This condition is very commonly observed in Southern Europe, Australia and Asia, whereas in Northern climates of the western world, the incidence is approximately 5-10% of all biopsies for glomerulonephritis.
The diagnostic hallmark of the disease is the deposition of IgA antibodies in the glomeruli, alone or together with IgM or IgG antibodies. Activation of innate immune response and complement, as well as the formation of immune complexes, plays a significant role in the clinical presentation and severity of IgA nephropathy.
Behind the Mystery: IgA Nephropathy
Notably, young males with macroscopic hematuria following an upper respiratory tract infection are highly suspicious IgA nephropathy. Aside from this type of situation, there is no pathognomonic clinical presentation of this condition; therefore, an accurate diagnosis will require a renal biopsy. Presently available treatment options are targeted towards the inflammatory and immune events that are the hallmark of this condition and often result in renal scarring.
Other types of nephropathy
Analgesic nephropathy is a chronic renal disease caused by excessive and prolonged consumption of analgesic mixtures that contain phenacetin or two other analgesics, such as salicylic acid-paracetamol, salicylic acid-pyrazolones, paracetamol-pyrazolones, or two pyrazolones combined with potentially addictive substances such as codeine or caffeine.
Renal papillary necrosis, which indicates damage to the inner medulla caused by capillary sclerosis, represents the characteristic feature of analgesic nephropathy and most often arises as a result of long-term use of phenacetin. Renal complications that can ensue in this condition include acute or chronic pyelonephritis, calcification of necrotic papillae, urolithiasis, and/or uroepithelial tumors.
Acute uric acid nephropathy stems from the intratubular deposition of uric acid crystals when a high serum uric acid concentration is present. This condition usually occurs during the induction of chemotherapy for malignancies with high cell turnover. The recommended treatment options for this acute uric acid nephropathy include alkalization of the urine and a drug known as rasburicase, which is a recombinant urate oxidase.
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Further Reading
Study identifies strong link between red, processed meat intake and severe kidney damage in diabetic women