Humans have two pairs of teeth during their lifetime, primary (milk teeth) and permanent (adult) teeth. Primary teeth are 20 in number, 10 in each jaw, respectively. Whereas, there are 32 permanent teeth that replace all the primary teeth, sequentially.
In general, the eruption of permanent teeth occurs at a specific age. However, genetics and other factors play a crucial role in determining the shedding time of primary teeth and their subsequent replacement by the permanent teeth.
By the age of 12 to 13 years old, almost all children have lost all their baby teeth. Majority of children have a set of 28 permanent teeth by 13 years of age. This set of teeth comprises four central incisors, eight premolars, four lateral incisors, four canines, and eight molars. The last teeth are known as wisdom or third molar teeth, which may or may not erupt. Generally, wisdom teeth erupt around 17 to 21 years of age.
Eruption Pattern of Adult Teeth
Below is a list of ideal eruption pattern of the permanent teeth.
Upper Jaw Permanent Teeth Eruption Sequence
- Central incisor - Eruption time at 7 to 8 years
- Lateral incisor - Eruption time at 8 to 9 years
- Canine (cuspid) - Eruption time at 11 to 12 years
- First premolar (first bicuspid) - Eruption time at 10 to 11 years
- Second premolar (second bicuspid) - Eruption time at 10 to 12 years
- First molar - Eruption time at 6 to 7 years
- Second molar - Eruption time at 12 to 13 years
- Third molar (wisdom teeth) - Eruption time at 17 to 21 years
Lower Jaw Permanent Teeth Eruption Sequence
- Third molar (wisdom tooth) - Eruption time at 17 to 21 years
- Second molar - Eruption time at 11 to 13 years
- First molar - Eruption time at 6 to 7 years
- Second premolar (second bicuspid) - Eruption time at 11 to 12 years
- First premolar (first bicuspid) - Eruption time at 10 to 12 years
- Canine (cuspid) - Eruption time at 9 to 10 years
- Lateral incisor - Eruption time at 7 to 8 years
- Central incisor - Eruption time at 6 to 7 years
Adult dental chart. Diagram of human teeth numbering and names. Image Credit: EgudinKa / Shutterstock
Mixed Dentition Period
Permanent teeth start appearing soon after the primary teeth begin to fall. However, there is a period when both primary and permanent teeth exist collectively in the oral cavity. This period is referred to as the mixed dentition period. Broadly mixed dentition period is divided into three phases:
First Molar Eruption
Permanent molars are the first set of permanent teeth which appear around 6 to 7 years of age and hence they are commonly referred to as “six-year molars”. As an exception, they do not replace any primary teeth and erupt at the back of upper and lower jaws. Six-year molars play a significant role in giving a proper contour to the lower jaw, hence, proper care should be given to these freshly erupted molars. Often, they are misinterpreted as primary teeth and if neglected, can lead to early decay and loss.
However, not all children will have permanent molars as their first permanent teeth. In some children, lower central incisor is the first teeth to erupt.
Replacement of Incisor Teeth
Soon after the eruption of molar teeth, permanent incisors start replacing the primary incisors. Lower central incisors are the first set of permanent teeth which replace the primary teeth.
A good spacing between the primary teeth gives more room for permanent teeth to accommodate themselves in the dental arch. This spacing in primary teeth is referred to as interdental space.
Ugly Duckling Stage
The development of permanent maxillary canines results in the medial shifts of the roots of permanent incisor teeth. This occurs when the child is around eight to nine years of age. The crown (visible portion of the tooth) gets diverted to the distal side. This shift in the alignment of the teeth results in crooked appearance in children of this age group. This is referred to as an ugly duckling stage.
Parents often get worried about the aesthetic appearance of the child during this phase; however, this is a natural phase and once the canine teeth start appearing child regains the lost esthetic appearance; however, in case if the teeth still remain misaligned the child should be taken for a dental check-up.
Ugly duckling stage smile from 2 young girls at primary school. Image Credit: Daran Jiravichitchai / Shutterstock
Replacement of Primary Canines and Premolar Teeth
The combined width of the primary canine, first molar, and second molar is greater than the total width of permanent canine, first premolar, and second premolar tooth. This difference in the width of primary and permanent teeth is referred to as Leeway space. This natural space gives enough room for permanent teeth for accommodating themselves in the dental arch.
Dentition in children below 13 years of age undergoes a constant change and should never be regarded as stationary during this time. However, an appropriate cleaning of teeth during this time is vital for protecting the erupting permanent teeth against any potential dental damage.
Further Reading
Immune modulation as a new strategy to combat periodontal disease