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What Are Cystoscopy and Ureteroscopy?

Cystoscopy and ureteroscopy are diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, usually performed by urologists, or doctors who specialize in diseases of the urinary tract. These procedures use endoscopes to look into the organs of interest, and they are aimed at direct visualization of the interior of the ureters and the bladder in order to diagnose (and sometimes treat) urinary complaints.

9 Jan 2017

Renal Replacement Therapy

Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is a term used to refer to modalities of treatment that are used to replace the waste filtering functions of a normal kidney. Acute kidney insufficiency (AKI) causes progressive deterioration in the regulation of body acid-base balance, as well as electrolyte and fluid balance.

9 Jan 2017

Renal Neoplasms

Renal tumors may be benign or malignant. Small tumors are being picked up more frequently by better imaging techniques. These are called small renal masses (SRM), and are less than 4 cm across. A general rule usually applies: the larger the mass, the lower the chances of it being benign.

9 Jan 2017

Causes of Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is sudden, catastrophic bleeding that occurs in the brain tissue or ventricles. Symptoms may be sudden and severe, such as headache, loss of consciousness, or vomiting, but can also be milder, resembling ischemic stroke.

9 Jan 2017

Lymphadenopathy Management

Lymphadenopathy is the term used to describe enlargement of the lymph nodes, the bean-shaped glands found in the neck, groin, armpits, abdomen, and chest. The nodes filter lymphatic fluid as it flows through the body to reach the venous circulation.

8 Jan 2017

What is Lymphadenopathy?

Lymphadenopathy refers to the enlargement of one or more lymph nodes, the bean-shaped glands found in the neck, armpits, chest, groin, and abdomen. Lymphadenopathy may occur in just one part of the body, in which case it is referred to as “localized” or it may be present in two or more body areas, in which case it is referred to as “generalized.” The condition most commonly affects nodes in the neck (cervical lymph nodes).

8 Jan 2017

What Causes Intestinal Cryptosporidiosis?

Cryptosporidiosis is a type of gastroenteritis caused by a zoonotic enteric parasite of the genus Cryptosporidium. The disease is typically characterized by acute diarrhea that is self-limited in immunocompetent individuals. In immunocompromised persons such as those with HIV/AIDS it can become chronic. In such individuals, it may be linked to life-threatening complications caused by massive fluid loss and subsequent dehydration.

8 Jan 2017

Medial Epicondylitis - Golfer's Elbow

Medial epicondylitis is a condition that refers to the occurrence of pain due to inflammation, from the medial side of the elbow to the wrist. It is also commonly referred to as golfer’s elbow, baseball elbow or suitcase elbow, because it frequently affects people who take part in these activities.

8 Jan 2017

Elbow Pain Management

The appropriate management of elbow pain depends greatly on the cause of the pain, which should be addressed. For most patients, the pain management plan includes a combination of non-pharmacological and medical options to relieve the hurt. A small number of patients may require surgery to relieve the pain, although this is usually reserved for refractory cases, when the pain is unresponsive to other treatment methods.

8 Jan 2017

Intestinal Cryptosporidiosis Prevention

Cryptosporidium species are protozoan parasites that cause diarrheal disease with a global distribution. They mainly affect children, causing a self-limited diarrhea in healthy individuals; nevertheless, in people with acquired immunodeficiency disorder or AIDS, the disease can be quite severe and result in weight loss or malnutrition.

8 Jan 2017

Intestinal Cryptosporidiosis Treatment

Cryptosporidium is a genus of coccidian intestinal protozoan parasites that can cause severe (and sometimes even fatal) watery diarrhea in immunocompromised patients. They may also give rise to prolonged but self-limiting diarrheal disease in immunocompetent patients. This type of disease is known as intestinal cryptosporidiosis, and it represents a significant public health issue in both developing and developed countries.

8 Jan 2017

Intestinal Cryptosporidiosis Symptoms

Intestinal cryptosporidiosis is one of the most significant diarrheal diseases affecting people around the world. The condition is caused by the oocyst-forming protozoan parasite from the genus Cryptosporidium that has the propensity to survive in and transmit through source waters, making it a grave public health threat.

8 Jan 2017

Intestinal Cryptosporidiosis Diagnosis

Intestinal cryptosporidiosis is considered a major public health issue. The parasite responsible for this condition is transmitted through food or water contaminated by the sporulated oocysts of parasites from the genus Cryptosporidium. This enteric apicomplexan protozoan organism infects intestinal epithelial cells and causes transient diarrhea in healthy individuals. However, it can be responsible for chronic and serious diarrhea in patients with acquired immunodeficiency disorder (AIDS) or other immunodeficiencies.

8 Jan 2017

Intestinal Cryptosporidiosis

Parasitic infections caused by protozoan parasites and intestinal helminths are among the most prevalent human infections in developing countries. In developed countries, however, protozoan parasites are more frequent causes of gastrointestinal infections than helminths. Intestinal parasites (which are principally small intestine pathogens, though the large intestine may also be involved) are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality in endemic countries.

8 Jan 2017

Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH)

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is sudden, catastrophic bleeding that occurs in the brain tissue or ventricles. It usually results from damage to blood vessels due to hypertension. Symptoms are often sudden and severe. Loss of consciousness, vomiting, and headache are all common, but milder presentations are also possible, resembling ischemic stroke.

6 Jan 2017

Cysts and scarring

Acne is an inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous units of the skin. These consist of the hair follicle, a fine canal leading off the skin surface, which is lined by keratinocytes giving rise to the hair shaft.

6 Jan 2017

Health Risks of Laser Hair Removal

Some people who undergo laser hair removal may notice some adverse effects as a result of the procedure. These are usually localized to the area of treatment, such as redness and inflammation of the skin. Other health risks, such as serious eye injury, lead to contraindication of laser hair removal in certain areas of the body.

6 Jan 2017

What Causes Pneumocystis Pneumonia?

Pneumocystis pneumonia is a potentially life-endangering disease caused by the fungal pathogen Pneumocystis jiroveci. It is predominantly observed in immunocompromised individuals. This microorganism is the most common causative agent of opportunistic infections in patients who present with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in developed countries.

5 Jan 2017

Pneumocystis Pneumonia Diagnosis

Pneumocystis pneumonia represents a potentially life-threatening infection caused by the fungal microorganism Pneumocystis jiroveci. Initially observed in premature and malnourished infants, Pneumocystis pneumonia is today one of the most frequent opportunistic infections in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

5 Jan 2017

Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) Fungal Disease

Initially described as “plasma cell pneumonia”, pulmonary infection with the microorganism Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly known as Pnemocystis carinii) was first identified in malnourished infants, especially those in orphanages, at the conclusion of the Second World War. Today this disease, manifesting as a severe and often fatal pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, is of increasing importance to pediatricians and other specialists around the world.

5 Jan 2017