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Sedative Abuse

Benzodiazepines, opioid analgesics, and other sedatives have indispensable medical uses; however, they can also stimulate the reward center in the brain.

2 Jun 2010

Sedative Dependence

The effectiveness of sedatives in controlling anxiety and stress is the main reason for their frequent use and misuse.

2 Jun 2010

Osteomyelitis Diagnosis

Osteomyelitis refers to infection of the bone, usually by bacteria. Typical features of this condition include the following:

2 Jun 2010

Osteomyelitis Causes

Osteomyelitis is a bone infection that is usually caused by bacteria. Some of the bacteria that lead to this condition are described below.

2 Jun 2010

Osteomyelitis is the term used to describe an infection of the bone or bone marrow. Osteomyelitis is usually caused by bacterial infection but can also occur as the result of injury or another underlying condition. Osteomyelitis occurs suddenly (acute illness) as a result of infection or injury, for example, and when the conditions keeps recurring, it is referred to as chronic (long-term) osteomyelitis.

2 Jun 2010

Fluoride Toxicology

Fluoride ions are found in several minerals, particularly flourite. Flouride salts are used extensively in industrial chemicals, especially to produce hydrogen fluoride for fluorocarbons.

2 Jun 2010

Fluoride Uses

Fluorides are found in a wide range of chemicals that occur both naturally and artificially. Some examples of how fluorides are used include...

2 Jun 2010

What is Fluoride?

Fluoride is the reduced form of the element fluorine. Flouride is a halide ion, which means it bears a negative charge.

2 Jun 2010

What is Gastroenterology?

According to the American College of Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology is the study of the normal function and diseases of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon and rectum, pancreas, gallbladder, bile ducts and liver.

2 Jun 2010

Interstitial Cystitis Treatments

There is currently no cure for interstitial cystitis and the aim of treatment is to relieve symptoms, with varying degrees of success depending on the individual patient.

1 Jun 2010

Interstitial Cystitis Causes

The cause of interstitial cystitis remains unknown, despite the proposal of several theories that may explain the pathophysiology of the condition. Contrary to other types of cystitis, there does not appear to be an infection of the bladder and antibiotics do not offer a benefit to patients.

1 Jun 2010

Interstitial Cystitis Symptoms

Interstitial cystitis, also known as painful bladder syndrome (PDS), is a health condition characterized by chronic pain in the bladder and surrounding tissues. As a result of the pain and other symptoms, the quality of life of affected individuals can be inhibited significantly.

1 Jun 2010

Interstitial Cystitis Terminology

The terminology used to describe the health condition most commonly known as interstitial cystitis has changed several times in recent decades. This is likely to have arisen from an unclear but developing understanding of the condition, and the intention to describe the condition as accurately as possible.

1 Jun 2010

What is Interstitial Cystitis?

Interstitial cystitis, also called bladder pain syndrome, is a chronic inflammatory condition of the bladder, which causes recurring discomfort or pain in the bladder region. The continuing bladder irritation causes the bladder wall to become stiff and scarred. However, the irritation is not due to infection or urinary stones.

1 Jun 2010

Neoplasm Definition

The term neoplasia refers to a mass that has developed due to abnormal cell or tissue growth. Neoplasia refers to various types of growths including non-cancerous or benign tumors, precancerous growths, carcinoma in situ and malignant or cancerous tumors.

1 Jun 2010

What is a Neoplasm?

The term neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of tissue caused by the rapid division of cells that have undergone some form of mutation.

1 Jun 2010

What is a Biomarker?

Biomarkers (short for biological markers) are biological measures of a biological state. By definition, a biomarker is "a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention."

1 Jun 2010

Barrett's Esophagus Pathology

Barrett's esophagus is a condition characterized by abnormal alterations in the cells that line the esophagus. A normal esophagus is lined with flat squamous cells, while in the case of Barrett's esophagus, these cells adopt a tall columnar shape that closely resembles that of the cells found in the linings of the intestines.

1 Jun 2010

Barrett's Esophagus Symptoms

Barrett's esophagus may present with very few or even no symptoms. Some of the risk factors that are associated with Barrett's esophagus, however, may provide clues to the cause and symptoms of this condition.

1 Jun 2010

What is Barrett's Esophagus?

Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which the flat, squamous cells lining the esophagus (food pipe) are replaced by columnar shaped cells resembling those present in the lining of the intestines. This change in the cellular lining is called metaplasia and is not usually associated with any signs or symptoms.

1 Jun 2010