ADH2 and ALDH2 are associated with esophageal cancer

As the seventh leading cause of cancer death worldwide, the occurrence of esophageal cancer varies by geographic area, ethnic group and gender.

Esophageal cancer is thought to be triggered by a variety of environmental factors which interact with the host genome. Researchers have long been seeking the etiology of esophageal cancer. Many studies have been conducted on gene-environment interaction and gene polymorphisms for esophageal cancer.

One research article was published on November 21 in the World Journal of Gastroenterology to clarify the impact of alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (ADH2) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) polymorphisms on esophageal cancer risk. This research team led by Dr. Chun-Xia Yang collected a cohort of 191 patients and 198 controls in Yanting, a rural county of Sichuan Province in China. Each participant completed a questionnaire and provided 1 mL of blood, which gave the team enough information about environmental and genetic factors on esophageal cancer.

This research reported that the ALDH2*1/*2 and ADH2*1 allele potentiate the carcinogenic effects of alcohol on the esophagus, and the two genotypes could modulate individual differences in alcohol-oxidizing capacity and drinking behavior. The acetaldehyde concentrations in the blood of individuals with inactive ALDH2*1/*2 is much higher than in those with active ALDH2 after drinking. ADH2*1 allele carriers tend to have experienced binge-drinking and withdrawal symptoms earlier in life. Accordingly, alcohol drinkers carrying ALDH2*1/*2 or ADH2*1 allele had a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer.

Furthermore, both the ADH2* 1 and ALDH2* 2 allele indicate a longer exposure to alcohol and highly-concentrated acetaldehyde, thus greatly increasing the individual¡¯s susceptibility to esophageal cancer.

The ALDH2*2 allele genotype studied by Dr. Chun-Xia Yang is prevalent in Asians. The results of this study suggest the need for further exploration on the relationship between genetics and esophageal cancer and will certainly be helpful in creating prevention strategies against esophageal cancer in China.