Apr 7 2009
Behavior treatment works as well as drugs for children with ADHD and bypasses the risk of medication's side effects, a meta-analysis of 174 studies on ADHD treatment conducted at the University at Buffalo, has shown.
The results, published in the March issue of Clinical Psychology Review, found that teaching parents and teachers how to respond when children do things the right way -- as well as when they display harmful or aggressive behavior -- is effective, and in some cases more effective, than medication for ADHD.
"This review shows that behavioral treatments work, and in general work well," said Gregory A. Fabiano, Ph.D., assistant professor in the Department of Counseling, School and Educational Psychology in UB's Graduate School of Education, and first author on the paper.
"For the past couple of decades, there has been considerable professional controversy about the role and adequacy of behavior modification treatments in the care of children with ADHD. The next step is to figure out how to make them work for individual families over the long run, because we now know that ADHD is a lifelong condition."
Through use of behavior modification, children could bypass the risk of side effects from ADHD drugs and achieve the same or better results as drug treatments, Fabiano noted.
William Pelham, Jr., Ph.D., UB Distinguished Professor of Psychology, Pediatrics and Psychiatry, is co-author on the study.
Fabiano noted that ADHD is one of the most common mental health disorders among children. "Prevalence rates place at least one child with ADHD in every classroom in America, highlighting the need for effective interventions.
Regular exercise is safe for heart failure patients and may slightly lower their risk of death or hospitalization, according to results from the largest and most comprehensive clinical trial to examine the effects of exercise in chronic heart failure patients. Supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health, the study also found that heart failure patients who add regular, moderate physical activity to standard medical therapy report a higher quality of life compared to similar patients who receive medical therapy only.
Researchers with HF-ACTION (Heart Failure - A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of exercise TraiNing) have published two papers in the April 8, 2009, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association. The study was conducted at 82 centers in the United States, Canada, and France.
"Many patients and health care providers have continued to be concerned about the safety of aerobic exercise for heart failure," said NHLBI Director Elizabeth G. Nabel, M.D. "With the results of this robust clinical trial, we can now reassure heart failure patients that, with appropriate medical supervision, regular aerobic exercise is not only safe but it can also improve their lives in really meaningful ways."
About 5 million people in the United States have heart failure, a potentially life-threatening condition in which the heart has a reduced ability to pump blood through the body. The number of people with heart failure is growing, and each year, another 550,000 people are diagnosed for the first time.
The leading cause of hospitalization among Americans age 65 and older, heart failure usually develops over several years and commonly results from coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, or diabetes. Treatment typically includes lifestyle changes, medicines, and regular outpatient follow-up with a health care provider. Some patients also need medical devices to help the heart pump better, or surgeries, such as a coronary artery bypass operation or heart transplant.
Earlier, smaller clinical trials have suggested that exercise is beneficial for heart failure patients, and clinical guidelines recommend moderate exercise for this condition. Nonetheless, safety concerns have persisted.
HF ACTION followed 2,331 patients with moderate-to-severe systolic heart failure (average age 59) for up to four years (average of 2.5 years). About one-half of the participants were randomly assigned to receive usual care alone, which included medical and device therapy as prescribed by their physicians and educational materials on disease management. They were also asked to engage in 30 minutes of moderate physical activity on most days of the week.
The other half of the participants were in the exercise training group, and they received usual care plus 36 sessions of group-based, supervised aerobic exercise training (walking or stationary cycling) of up to 35 minutes three times per week. These participants were asked to transition to home-based training at the same intensity five times per week for the remainder of the study and received a treadmill or stationary bike for home use and a heart rate monitor.
Compared to the usual care group, the exercise training group had slightly fewer (statistically non-significant) deaths or hospitalizations from any cause. When researchers adjusted the findings (as specified in the study design) for the strongest predictors of death or hospitalization - initial exercise capacity, history of atrial fibrillation, depression, cardiac pumping function, and cause of heart failure - exercise training was linked to an 11 percent lower risk of all-cause death or hospitalization and a 15 percent lower risk of cardiovascular-related death or heart failure hospitalization. In addition, there was no significant difference in serious adverse events between the two groups, such as an abnormal heart rhythm, hip fracture, or hospitalization related to exercise, suggesting that exercise training was well tolerated and safe.
The researchers note that the benefit of exercise may be underestimated by the observed study results because many of the usual care participants also exercised. In addition, adherence to prescribed exercise in the exercise training group was below goal in the majority of participants.
Overall, the exercise training was well tolerated. There was no significant difference between the two study arms in serious adverse events, including an abnormal heart rhythm, hip fracture, or hospitalization related to exercise.
Furthermore, after training, participants in the exercise group scored significantly higher than those in the usual care group on a standard, self-administered quality-of-life questionnaire. Participants reported fewer physical and social limitations and symptoms, and improved quality of life after three months. The improvements persisted throughout the follow-up period and were consistent regardless of sex, race, or age.
Lawton Cooper, M.D., M.P.H., NHLBI project officer for the study and a medical officer in the Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, is available to comment on these findings. Christopher M. O'Connor, M.D., lead author on the efficacy and safety study, and Kathryn E. Flynn, Ph.D., lead author on the health status study, are also available to comment.
Study suggests a key to kick-start the heart's own repair mechanism