A new study shows that women who take sugared beverages every day may be raising their risk for heart disease, even if their habit is not packing on the pounds. The researchers say the drinks could be anything - sweet tea, soda, or coffee drinks that look like desserts.
The results of the five-year study of middle aged and elderly women were presented Sunday at the American Heart Association's meeting in Orlando, Fla. The study included women from a wide range of ethnic groups. Large studies in the past — including the ongoing Framingham Heart Study have linked drinking sugar-sweetened beverages to heart disease.
“So we looked at its association with individual risk factors” for heart disease, said Christina Shay, lead author of the paper and an assistant professor of epidemiology at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. “Is it blood pressure, cholesterol, obesity? What is it specifically?”
Shay and her colleagues followed 4,166 people between the ages of 45 and 84 who were part of the larger Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis study. Shay said it was “striking” that women with a sugary drinking habit developed high levels of triglycerides, which are a type of fat, but men did not. Women who drank two or more sugary beverages per day were four times more likely to develop high triglyceride levels than women who drank fewer sugar-sweetened beverages she added.
Women with the habit were also were more likely to develop abnormal levels of fasting glucose, a sign they could be developing diabetes. “These drinks may be influencing heart disease risk factors even if people don't gain weight,” Shay said. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, an estimated 26.8 million Americans have heart disease, which ranks as the nation's number one killer.
The California Department of Public Health reports that the average American drinks 50 gallons of sweetened beverages a year. “There are some calories that come like a nuclear attack,” said Dr. Stephanie Coulter, director for center for women's heart and vascular health Texas Heart Institute. Eating complex carbohydrates such as oatmeal cause glucose (sugar) to be released slowly into the blood. “But have a sugar drink, and all the sugar comes rushing into your system,” Coulter explained. And if the body has lost the ability to use the hormone insulin to regulate blood sugar (a condition called insulin resistance), the extra sugar remains circulating in the blood.
Dr. Stephen Devries, a cardiologist at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago agreed. High sugar levels increase triglycerides, lower good cholesterol and prompt the body to make an especially damaging, smaller molecule of bad cholesterol. Too much sugar also raises levels of inflammation, another risk factor heart disease, Devries said. “The body is a delicate ecosystem, so if you change one area it will have an unintended consequence somewhere else,” Devries said.
In the new study, many women saw expanding waistlines, even if they did not gain weight. Cardiologists point out that such “belly fat” may have an especially negative effect on heart health. “It's even shown that women who are thin, with big waist lines are at greater risk for heart disease,” said Dr. Holly Andersen, of the Perelman Heart Institute at New York Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center in New York City. The fat around the organs in the center of the body produces hormones “that make us more likely to get diabetes, higher blood pressure, higher triglycerides,” Andersen said.
The women in the study were middle aged and older, so post-menopausal hormonal shifts might have made it more difficult to keep weight off their middles, she added. All the more reason why women might want to be careful with a soda habit, Coulter said. “The message is that women have smaller frames then men, and therefore need more calorie restriction,” she said.
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