New research out of NYU Langone Medical Center could move the medical community one step closer toward effectively detecting concussion and quantifying its severity.
Neuroscientists and concussion experts from NYU Langone and elsewhere, in a study publishing online January 29 in Journal of Neurotrauma, present a unique, simple and objective diagnostic tool for concussion that can be utilized in the emergency room or, one day, on the sidelines at sporting events. The study utilized a novel eye-tracking device to effectively measure the severity of concussion or brain injury in patients presenting to emergency departments following head trauma.
"Concussion is a condition that has been plagued by the lack of an objective diagnostic tool which, in turn, has helped drive confusion and fears among those affected and their families," says lead investigator Uzma Samadani, MD, PhD, assistant professor in the Departments of Neurosurgery, Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiology at NYU Langone. "Our new eye-tracking methodology may be the missing piece to help better diagnose concussion severity, enable testing of diagnostics and therapeutics, and help assess recovery, such as when a patient can safely return to work following a head injury."
The eyes have served as a window into the brain, with disconjugate eye movements -- eyes rotating in opposite directions - considered a principal marker for head trauma as early as 3,500 years ago. Current estimates by optometrists suggest that up to 90 percent of patients with concussions or blast injuries exhibit dysfunction in their eye movements.
Unfortunately, the "state-of-the-art" tool to detect eye conjugacy is asking a patient to follow along with a physician's finger, according to Dr. Samadani, who also serves as co-director of the Steven & Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for the Study of Post-Traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury at NYU Langone. The eye-tracking technology used in this study was originally developed by Dr. Samadani and colleagues at the Cohen Veterans Center to assess eye movement in veterans of the long Middle East conflicts suspected of suffering from traumatic brain injury (TBI), concussion or other forms of brain injury.
In this new study, researchers compared 64 healthy control subjects to 75 patients who had experienced trauma that brought them to the emergency department at Bellevue Hospital Center in New York City, with whom the NYU School of Medicine has an affiliation agreement. They tracked and compared the movements of patients' pupils for over 200 seconds while watching a music video. All participants were between 18 and 60 years of age.
The study showed that 13 trauma patients who had hit their heads and had CT scans showing new brain damage, as well as 39 trauma patients who had hit their heads and had normal CT scans, had significantly less ability to coordinate their eye movements than normal, uninjured control subjects. Twenty-three trauma subjects who had bodily or extremity injuries but did not require head CT scans had similar abilities to coordinate eye movements as normal uninjured controls.
Among patients who had hit their heads and had normal CT scans, most were slightly worse at 1-2 weeks after the injury, and subsequently recovered about one month after the injury. Among all trauma patients, the severity of concussive symptoms correlated with severity of disconjugacy.
Those offering support for Dr. Samadani's research include Richard G. Ellenbogen, MD, The Theodore S. Roberts Endowed Chair and professor and chairman of the Department of Neurological Surgery at University of Washington Medicine and co-chair of the Head, Neck and Spine Committee of the National Football League. Dr. Ellenbogen was not involved in the study.
"Traumatic brain injury is one of the most common causes of neurologic morbidity in the world today," Dr. Ellenbogen says. "Sports concussion, on the mild end of the spectrum of TBI, has captured the fascination of both the public and media. Since concussion affects all ages, both genders and occurs in all sports, being able to make the diagnosis quickly and accurately is essential. The challenge physicians have in identifying concussion is that the diagnosis is often based on self-reported symptoms.
"Dr. Samadani and her colleagues have come up with a novel and objective manner of assessing patients with a suspected TBI," he adds. "The beauty to their method is that it is non-invasive, reproducible and easy to perform on the sidelines or in the field. It provides a simple and elegant method of being able to assess the functional deficits that occur with TBI, and thus help the physician make a rapid and accurate diagnosis. By tracking eye movements, they have been able to quantitatively assess the function of the brain. Their new approach will hopefully identify those patients who may be missed by basing the evaluation simply on subjective complaints. This work adds an important dimension to our ability to provide safe, rapid and accurate care to those who suffer TBI in sports or with daily life activities."
This new study of non-military, civilian trauma patients visiting the emergency department builds on recent research conducted by Dr. Samadani, supported through the Cohen Veterans Center, which found that the use of this novel eye-tracking technology could reveal edema, or swelling, in the brain as a potential biomarker for assessing brain function and monitoring recovery in people with head injuries. That study, published Dec. 16 in Journal of Neurosurgery, looked exclusively at military veterans.
Dr. Samadani's future work aims to replicate eye-tracking's diagnostic potential for head injuries on a larger scale in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with post-concussive syndrome and post-blast military brain injury.
Estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention state about 2.5 million U.S. emergency department visits were associated with traumatic brain injury in 2010, with rates increasing by about 70 percent over the previous decade. Currently there is no tool seen as a gold standard for diagnosing concussions, and imaging tests like CT-scans and MRIs are ineffective in the absence of structural damage to the brain.
"Two patients who suffer a head injury and present with virtually-identical CT-scans might have completely different symptoms," Dr. Samadani points out. "That's where eye-tracking can help objectively reveal when one patient may be much more affected by a concussion than another."
Also lending third-party support for Dr. Samadani's research is M. Sean Grady, MD, the Charles Harrison Frazier Professor and Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Grady also was not involved in the research.
"The importance of this study is that it establishes a reliable test and a 'biological' marker for detecting concussion," Dr. Grady says. "Since concussion can occur without loss of consciousness, this can be particularly important in sideline evaluations in athletics or in military settings where individuals are highly motivated to return to activity and may minimize their symptoms. More work is needed to establish its sensitivity and specificity, but it is very promising."
The study was conducted by members of five different departments at NYU Langone: Emergency Medicine, Trauma Surgery, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Ophthalmology. The full list of authors other than Dr. Samadani includes Robert Ritlop, M Eng, Marleen Reyes BA , Elena Nehrbass BS, Meng Li MS, Elizabeth Lamm BA, Julia Schneider, David Shimunov, Maria Sava, Radek Kolecki MS, Paige Burris, Lindsey Altomare, Talha Mehmood MD, Theodore Smith MD PhD, Jason H. Huang MD, Christopher McStay MD, S. Rob Todd MD, Meng Qian PhD, Douglas Kondziolka MD, Stephen Wall MD, and Paul Huang MD
Dr. Samadani's research and the work of statisticians Meng Qian, PhD and Meng Li, MS, are supported by the Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-Traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury. This work also is sponsored by the NYU Applied Research Support Fund. Dr. Samadani's work also is funded by a VA Merit Award and by the National Space and Biomedical Research Institute to evaluate eye tracking as a diagnostic tool for elevated intracranial pressure.
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