Researchers suggest ways to keep harmful tobacco and alcohol products away from young people

May 4 2015

As the realities of legalized marijuana take hold in four states and the District of Columbia, legislators and regulators could learn a lot from the successes -- and failures -- of the tobacco and alcohol industries in keeping their harmful products out of the hands of children and adolescents.

So say three Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health researchers in a commentary published May 4 in the journal Pediatrics.

"The early days of marijuana legalization present a unique window of opportunity to create a regulatory environment that minimizes youth access," says study leader Brendan Saloner, PhD, an assistant professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management at the Bloomberg School. "States should heed lessons learned from tobacco and alcohol regulations, which have proven very difficult to change despite research linking weak monitoring and low prices to underage use. Our number one priority has to be to keep our children safe."

Voters in Colorado, Washington, Oregon, Arizona and D.C. have passed laws legalizing recreational marijuana and additional states could follow. A number of states are actively debating proposals to decriminalize recreational marijuana. When marijuana use is legalized for adults - all of the current laws make it legal only for people over the age of 21 - it normalizes the behavior and can put the drugs more easily into the hands of young people, the researchers say.

Saloner says research into how tobacco and alcohol regulations do or do not protect children from those products is robust.

He and his co-authors -- Colleen Barry, PhD, MPP, and Beth McGinty, PhD, MS, -- suggest four strategies to prevent marijuana use among minors.

First, they say, regulators should use tax policy to keep prices high. "Research has shown that young people are particularly price sensitive and tend to reduce cigarette use at higher rates than adults after price increases," says McGinty, also an assistant professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management at the Bloomberg School.

Second, retail availability of marijuana should be tightly regulated, they say. Despite age-limit restrictions, many teens are able to obtain alcohol and tobacco in stores. This could be mitigated by stronger enforcement of existing laws, including more compliance audits and stiffer penalties. States should also regulate locations of marijuana retailers, such as keeping them away from playgrounds and schools, which research has shown can reduce risk of youth use. They also suggest prohibiting stores that sell other products from selling marijuana.

Third, they say, efforts need to be made to prevent the harms of accidental ingestion by children, by regulating the appearance of foods containing marijuana and reducing the amount of THC (marijuana's main mind-altering ingredient) in these foods. Tobacco products that feature candy or fruit flavors encourage experimentation, regular use and addiction among youth, they say.

"Regulators need to be especially aware of how appealing marijuana-laced candies and cookies look to children and adolescents," says Barry, an associate professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management at the Bloomberg School.

Also, childproof packaging can prevent accidental ingestion, which has been shown to be effective for prescription drugs. Clear labeling of marijuana products can also enhance the ability of adults to identify harmful products.

In June 2014, Washington state enacted emergency rules banning images of cartoons, toys and other pictures that appeal to young children on marijuana-infused food products and Colorado regulates child-safe packaging of marijuana products.

Fourth, they suggest that marketing of products should be restricted. Exposure to alcohol and tobacco advertising is associated with increases in youth use, studies have shown.

Still, Saloner says, marijuana will create its own set of issues that go beyond what has occurred with tobacco and alcohol. For example, marijuana can be grown at home and it is harder to regulate what is going on in people's backyards.

"We have a lot of rigorous science to inform us about how to move forward but we will have to learn on the fly and be flexible due to these new challenges," he says.

"Policy Strategies to Reduce Youth Recreational Marijuana Use" was written by Brendan Saloner, Emma McGinty and Colleen Barry.

Source: Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health