Each year, thousands of Canadians are given the news: they have skin cancer. It is the most common form of cancer in Canada and around the world, but if detected early, survival rates are extremely high. According to Liam Rourke, it doesn't happen nearly as often as it could.
"The difficulty is that people have a really hard time detecting skin cancer melanomas early," says Rourke, an associate professor in the Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry's Department of Medicine at the University of Alberta. "One of the reasons is that it's an exceptionally difficult task because the melanomas look exactly like freckles and moles and other common benign lesions that everybody has.
"The ability to detect these things early is pivotal and so we wanted to look at how people are trained to detect these things."
Rourke is the lead author of a new study in JAMA Dermatology that examines best practices in teaching medical students and health professionals how to detect, categorize and identify skin lesions. By conducting a meta-analysis other studies in the field, his team found that many traditional methods of teaching focus on what some would argue are the least important aspects of the job.
"The conventional sense of how this should be taught is by giving people factual knowledge about skin and its normal and abnormal development. We were surprised to see that there was very little effort to stress the visual part of this task. There was very little organized and systematic effort to train people's visual systems to discriminate between two things that look a lot alike," says Rourke.
The team of researchers concluded there's much room for improvement in how health professionals are trained. Based on the results of the study, Rourke's team is developing perceptual training modules they hope to test through further studies.
According to Rourke, an initial pilot study has already been undertaken that has shown promising early results. In it, a small group of undergraduate students with no medical knowledge, training or vocabulary were given iPads containing a module showing different types of skin lesions. Over the course of about two hours the students were presented with several examples of melanomas and non-melanomas. At first the examples were labeled as such, followed by the pictures again being shown without labelling. The students were then asked to identify the examples correctly. As the students progressed through the module, the examples became more varied and complex.
"We saw an enormous effect," says Rourke. "Within the two to three hours of training they reached a level of expertise that was close to the level of a dermatology resident."
He adds, "The training translates well to other groups because it doesn't rely on learning a lot of anatomy or physiology or biomedical knowledge about skin lesions. The task is simply to identify skin cancers and differentiate them from benign lesions."
Rourke's team hopes to expand the pilot study in coming months. With further research they are confident the training modules can become an important tool in helping train future physicians.
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