It is a common health problem that causes uncommon personal discomfort.
Fecal incontinence, or accidental stool leakage, affects some 8 to 10 percent of the 325 million people in the United States. In up to half of patients, there is both fecal and urinary incontinence.
"Not all patients with incontinence are the same. There are some with muscle injuries, some with nerve injuries, some with more diarrheal illness, some with a combination of diarrhea and nerve injury. Consequently, one type of treatment may not work for all. We want to know what is the right thing to do for our patients," says Dr. Satish S.C. Rao, director of neurogastroenterology/motility at the Digestive Health Clinical Research Center at the Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University.
Rao is helping lead a federally funded initiative that will provide the first head-to-head comparison of the benefits, side effects and costs of three Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments already in regular use.
The $18.8 million, five-year study funded by the National Institutes of Health's National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases just started at MCG and AU Health as well as three other sites nationally that are referral centers for fecal incontinence.
The three treatment options under study include biofeedback therapy to enhance awareness and control, inert injectable compounds that bulk up the anus so it can fully close and a pacemaker that stimulates and strengthens muscles key to keeping urine and feces where they belong.
The study is comparing their efficacy and impact on quality of life, and measuring issues like patients' anxiety and depression before and after their treatment. The study is also comparing safety, by looking at adverse events, as well as costs.
"All three options are FDA-approved and commonly used in practice today, but we really don't know which is good, which is better and, if it works, why it works," Rao says. "We want to know scientifically what the best options are."
Other sites and principal investigators include the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and gastroenterologist Dr. Adil E. Bharucha; Colon & Rectal Surgery Associates in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and colorectal surgeon Dr. Ann C. Lowry; and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and gastrointestinal physiologist and behavioral therapist, Dr. William E. Whitehead, who directs UNC's Center for Functional GI & Motility Disorders.
The investigators hope to enroll about 600 male and female adults with two or more episodes of solid or liquid fecal incontinence weekly, which is considered moderate to severe fecal incontinence.
Participants will first keep daily stool diaries for two weeks, then will be enrolled in a four-week medical management program that provides support like learning pelvic floor exercises and how to use nonprescription drugs to normalize stool consistency. They will also learn relatively easy lifestyle changes.
"A simple example is someone who is used to having a good breakfast, including a large cup of coffee, then taking a morning walk," Rao says. "Breakfast stimulates the colon, coffee stimulates the colon and walking stimulates the colon so you are setting yourself up for increased colonic activity." A simple change would be to walk before breakfast and coffee.
If the leakage problem appears to result because stool is too liquid, "We need to look at diet, we need to look for mucosal disease, we need to look at medications that may be causing it, as well as upper and lower gut problems." Constipation presents a different but equal problem, with liquid seepage around the hard stool. "You have to get the balance right," Rao says.
Patients who experience a 75 percent or more reduction in fecal incontinence with this enhanced medical management will be followed for two years. But previous clinical trials have shown that even with super compliant patients, the success of medical treatment is 15 to 20 percent and that it will be clear within a month whether it's working for a patient. "So it's not a panacea," he says.
Those who don't find success with medical management will be randomized into one of the three treatment arms. A bottom line is to see what impact each treatment has at three months.
The causes of fecal incontinence are as diverse as the patients: vaginal childbirth or a hysterectomy with anus or rectum nerve or muscle injury; surgery for hemorrhoids or anal or rectal cancer; and neurological conditions that affect the pelvic floor like Parkinson's, stroke, multiple sclerosis, even dementia. Both chronic diarrhea and constipation can be causative, so can obesity and diabetes. Risks also include physical inactivity as well as the generalized muscle and nerve loss that typically occur with aging.
Rao calls predisposing problems the three P's: passage, power and poop. Passage problems result from conditions like rectal hypersensitivity or poor rectal holding capacity, or from colitis or other inflammation of the mucus lining that helps ease stool along as well as weak anal sphincter muscles. The power is the neurological circuitry that controls the anal muscles, which can be damaged by injury or disease. The passenger, the stool, can be problematic itself, like when it is liquid and irritating because of high levels of bile salts, resulting when bile acids, which are made by the liver and essential to digestion, don't get reabsorbed in the small bowel and can spill over into the colon and cause diarrhea and incontinence.
"The body is such a finely tuned, ecologically balanced organ," he says.
"If any of these three go wrong - and there are multiple reasons why each one may go wrong - then you are in trouble."
The bottom line is that fecal incontinence is bad for quality of life and health, says Rao, J. Harold Harrison MD Distinguished University Chair in Gastroenterology.
"Studies have shown that incontinence is an important cause not only of morbidity but mortality in the elderly," Rao says, as bad turns worse. Incontinence, for example, can lead to localized infection, which can lead to a serious blood infection and skin breakdown as well as inactivity and social isolation.
While men and women report about the same prevalence of fecal incontinence in population surveys, physicians like Rao tend to see more women, possibly because women are more generally inclined to go to the doctor and because fecal incontinence is generally more severe in women, with pregnancy and obstetrical injury both important predisposing factors, he says.
Some patients don't report it at all, and some physicians don't ask, says Rao, acknowledging the topic is tough and embarrassing, but so is living with the condition.
But fecal incontinence is coming out of hiding, to some extent, because of the realities of an aging population, which further increases the risk and likely incidence. It's also made its way into our homes via advertisements regularly reminding us of how a product can help us be more active with bladder and/or bowel leakage. Both ratchet up the demand for improved understanding and treatment, Rao notes.
"People are more aware things can be done," he says. "People want to live a better quality of life and they don't want to be shut-ins because of their medical condition."
Five years ago, Rao was one of four planning directors for an experts meeting at the NIH that gathered gastroenterologists, basic scientists, urogynecologists, urologists, epidemiologists, lay people and others to address concerns and needs. The consensus that emerged included the need for effective treatments, a side-by-side study comparing efficacy like the one now underway, as well as an improved understanding of underlying mechanisms including epidemiology and nerve function, Rao says.
"We are seeing these patients all the time and we have to decide what to do for them," he says. Which treatment often depends on multiple factors, including, which ones are available, he says, noting that while all options are available in Augusta, that is more often not the case in other cities across the nation.
Biofeedback works by helping patients learn or relearn how to squeeze their anal sphincter muscles, which are the final gatekeeper for stool. Study participants have a training session with a nurse specialist followed by weekly one-hour sessions for six weeks. A manometer helps them visualize and realize when they are contracting or relaxing the anus.
"A lot of patients have lost the connection between their brain and gut, but by visual feedback and reinforcement, they start to reconnect with their own body," he says.
Others will have about a 30-minute procedure in which inert biospheres are injected into the anal opening. "It's like lifting up the area and adding a little bulk so it forms a better protective seal," Rao says. The investigators will do one round of injections, and if a patient doesn't respond within the expected timeframe of four weeks, they have the option of a second round. Previous studies have shown that about half of patients still benefit from this procedure three years later.
The final option uses a pacemaker to stimulate the sacral nerve, an important nerve in controlling muscles involved in both pooping and peeing. Constant stimulation of the nerve - and so the muscles - works much like regularly pumping iron to increase muscle size and strength. The battery will periodically need replacing and the pacemaker can be removed, but like working out, the pacemaker likely will be needed for the rest of the patient's life to continue to provide benefit, Rao says.
When a treatment results in a 75 percent reduction within three months, those patients will be followed for two years to look at longer-term impact. Those who don't respond that well, will be offered one of the two treatments they did not initially receive.
Investigators anticipate it will take about five years to get all participants enrolled, treated and followed for the two-year timeframe.
Outside the study, Rao and his co-investigator MCG gastroenterologist Dr. Amol Sharma, typically start with medical treatment, then move to biofeedback as a next step if needed before moving to the more invasive anus bulking or nerve-stimulating procedures.
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