It's no secret that pets bring joy to their owners' lives. Caring for animals keeps us active, gives us purpose, provides stress relief and builds a loving bond -- studies show pets can even increase people's lifespans.
For some older populations, having a pet isn't possible. Perhaps they can't care for an animal or their retirement community doesn't allow it. Robotic companions have entered the market to fill that void, and one University of Cincinnati professor is reimagining these high-tech pets to not only provide companionship, but care.
Claudia Rebola is an associate professor and graduate studies coordinator in UC's College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning. Together with graduate students from DAAP and UC's College of Engineering and Applied Science, Rebola is giving an existing line of robotic pets a makeover inside and out so they look and feel more realistic and offer expanded capabilities, like checking a user's vital signs.
Rebola's work combines design, science and technology to create innovative, interactive health products. Innovation is a cornerstone of UC's strategic direction, Next Lives Here.
Rebola also is an expert on aging and researches disabilities, health, technologies, robotics and applying accessible design, from wearables to user experiences, tailored to the older adult population.
In 2017, while working at Rhode Island School of Design, Rebola wrote a grant for a project called ARIES -- or Affordable Robotic Intelligence for Elderly Support -- with researchers from Brown University and Butler Hospital and industry partner Hasbro, one of the largest toymakers in the world.
The team received a $1 million National Science Foundation grant to re-envision an acquired Hasbro brand, Joy For All Companion Pets, purchased by a new company, Ageless Innovation, created by former Hasbro executives. On the market since 2015, these robotic cats and dogs feature simple, toylike designs, sounds and movements to provide comfort, companionship and fun for elderly users.
Rebola's team is setting out to reimagine the pets from appearance to function, creating the next-generation robotic intelligence that provides psychosocial support for older adults.
Working collaboratively with industrial design and engineering graduate students, Rebola focuses on human factors, such as "understanding the user, their needs and how to translate those needs into unique design opportunities for these pets," she says.
Part of that research involves pilot studies and focus groups with older adults and their caretakers in the community to get feedback on the robots to better improve the design. Cincinnati area communities, including Scarlet Oaks Retirement Community and Episcopal Retirement Services, are currently participating in a longitudinal study of the existing robotic pets, and Rebola has recruited members from UC's Osher Lifelong Learning Institute (OLLI) to evaluate their new ideas along the way.
"You are the experts," Rebola told participants at a recent focus group, "not us. We are just the enablers."
Feedback from these sessions led the class to concentrate on redesigning the robot dog, which resembled a cartoonish yellow stuffed animal and had the most room for improvement. They found that users wanted a dog with more realistic features from its fur to movements, so they modeled the new prototype after the Yorkshire terrier -- one of the most popular breeds among older adults they discovered. Rebola hopes that in the future buyers can order custom breeds and colors to perhaps resemble a pet they used to have.
The class sourced high-quality faux fur from Donna Salyers' Fabulous Furs in nearby Covington, Kentucky, making the new dog "more pettable and lifelike," as described by focus group participant Kathi Lawrence. As a dialysis patient, she thought she could benefit from a robotic pet during her treatments. "I'm amazed that you made the dog as lifelike as the cat," she said. "It's not rigid like the other dog. The fur and color are wonderful."
Students also redesigned the body to make it less mechanical and more flexible, like a lapdog, and refined features like the eyes, nose and paws, all while being mindful of the technology that also must be incorporated in the body.
While some students worked on improving the physical components of the dog, others centered on the caregiving possibilities. The result is four areas of care: detecting/preventing falls, connecting users to caregivers and loved ones, checking vital signs and providing helpful reminders. The class envisions a smart collar for the robotic pets that can enable these functions.
To prevent falls, the pet could promote activity and detect risky situations such as low light. If a user did experience a fall, it would alert emergency services or a caregiver. For connectedness, loved ones could communicate through the pet, track the user's activity and interaction and even use it to serve as an audiodiary.
The pet could monitor a user's vitals by way of a simple hug, while also monitoring sleeping, medication intake or emergencies, all while sharing the health data with caregivers. Finally, a memory function could act as a smart alarm clock, reminding users to make doctor's appointments, take medicine or charge the robot, while helping them find misplaced objects and detecting intruders. The students were mindful of the costs that would be added with these technologies while also making the monitoring as unobtrusive as possible -- they didn't want this to feel like an intrusive Big Brother.
"I'm very proud of my students for working on this for months when it takes years to work on robotics."
UC geriatric medicine physician Dr. Jeffrey D. Schlaudecker sees the advantages of these robot pets for his patients.
A robotic pet that combines the benefits of companionship with the opportunities for tech-based monitoring for older adults, especially those with cognitive impairment, is an idea with huge potential. My patients affected with memory disorders can really benefit from the sensory aspects of a robotic pet -- touch, sight and sound can all create a real consecutiveness. This companion could help ease transitions as well. For example, a visit to a provider's office or a hospitalization can be very traumatic for a person with cognitive impairment. The presence of a known companion that can be transported easily anywhere can be a great addition to smoothing these sometimes bumpy transitions."
Dr. Jeffrey D. Schlaudecker, UC geriatric medicine physician
Rebola and her team will continue to fine-tune the prototype this year and hope to give Ageless Innovations a robust, improved pet to be launched in the market in 2020.
Ten years ago I was exposed to an organization that gave me funding to do a project for a retirement community. I fell in love, [reminding me] about why I was doing design and the role of technologies to really help people's lives. Now I cannot stop. Whenever I can write a grant or work with students, it's all about giving something meaningful for the older adult population, improving or saving their lives."
Claudia Rebola is an associate professor and graduate studies coordinator in UC's College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning
This project is just one of many Rebola is working on to better the community through design. Another is AntiOD, a smart lifesaving naloxone-dispensing device and an educational campaign to inform the public about the opioid epidemic and how to help. AntiOD will soon be installed in Cincinnati's public library downtown and on May 16, the State of Ohio's Drug Abuse Heroin Unit will honor Rebola for her work on the field at Great American Ballpark when the Cincinnati Reds take on the Chicago Cubs.
As the robotic pet class's final session came to an end, participant Candas Stacey, who has worked as a caregiver, shared a story about a former patient who passed away shortly after her cat died. She saw great potential in the project.
"You are saving lives," she affirmed.
Study investigates impact of oxygen therapy on oxidative stress in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia