A new Canadian study suggests that individuals who take anti-depressants and/or anti-psychotics and participate in a weight management program can lose weight whether or not they take psychiatric medications, according to a report published online today in Obesity, the flagship journal of The Obesity Society. The study is the first to examine weight loss outcomes in individuals taking anti-depressants or anti-psychotics alone, in combination or not at all.
"The results of this study are relevant not only to the healthcare professionals providing care to those who have both excess weight and mental illness, but also to the patients who experience these comorbidities themselves," said Rebecca Christensen, a PhD student at the University of Toronto's Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Canada. Christensen served as the study's lead and corresponding author.
Christensen and colleagues explain that individuals who have mental health conditions are at an increased risk of having obesity. Many of the medications used to treat mental health disorders are known to cause weight gain. However, it has remained unclear, if taking these medications would put people at a disadvantage for weight loss.
To determine their findings, researchers reviewed data from 17,519 patients enrolled in a life-style weight loss program at the Wharton Medical Clinic (WMC) in Ontario, Canada. For referrals to the weight management clinic, patients needed to have a body mass index (BMI) of greater than 27 kg/m2 with at least one weight-related comorbidity or a BMI of greater than 30 kg/m2. Participants consented to have their medical data used, and the data collected spanned from July 2008 to July 2017.
Because of known sex differences in weight loss and prevalence in mental health conditions, the study's authors conducted separate analyses for male and female patients. Researchers examined differences in absolute and percent weight change by psychiatric medication group, and weight gain potential. Participants were categorized as taking an antidepressant(s) alone, antipsychotic(s) alone, a combination of both, or no psychiatric medication. The authors also conducted a sub-analysis among patients taking psychiatric medication, where patients were categorized as taking psychiatric medications that are known to cause weight gain, or psychiatric medication that is weight neutral and/or cause weight loss.
Height and weight measurements were taken by a trained medical professional, and patients met with a physician and/or bariatric educator monthly for dietary and physical activity suggestions based on current life-style practices. WMC staff provided treatment in accordance with Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children and the National Institutes of Health guidelines on the identification, evaluation and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults.
According to the study's authors, more than 23 percent of patients were taking at least one psychiatric medication. Results showed that while men lost a significant amount of weight regardless of the type of psychiatric medication they were taking, men taking anti-depressants alone lost slightly less weight than men taking both anti-depressants and anti-psychotics, and men taking neither medication. Women lost a similar amount of weight regardless of their psychiatric medication use. Christensen and colleagues also observed that both men and women were able to lose a significant amount of weight regardless of the weight gain potential of their mental health medication.
"The results of this study are promising," said Christensen.
Significant strengths of the study included a large sample size and treatment with no additional cost to patients as part of the Canadian healthcare system."
Robert I. Berkowitz, MD, FTOS, Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics at the Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, Perlman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, and at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Berkowitz, who was not part of the study, added that "future research is needed to increase the duration of treatment, as well as to consider adding other treatment methods to the lifestyle modification program in order to increase the amount of weight loss obtained in this important population of patients typically excluded from weight loss trials, those who have psychiatric disorders." Christensen agreed that additional research is needed to corroborate the results.
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