Patients with brain metastases who received whole-brain radiotherapy that avoided memory-specific hippocampal neural stem cells experienced preserved cognitive function and reported fewer neurologic symptoms and better cognition over time, according to results from an NRG Oncology clinical trial presented Sept. 15, 2019 at the American Society for Radiation Oncology Annual Meeting in Chicago.
Dr. Vinai Gondi, director of research at the Northwestern Medicine Chicago Proton Center and co-director of the Brain Tumor Center at Northwestern Medicine Cancer Center Warrenville, presented updated results of the phase III trial. Gondi was lead author and co-principal investigator of the trial. Dr. Paul D. Brown of the Mayo Clinic was also co-principal investigator of the trial.
We hypothesized that by using advanced radiotherapy techniques to spare the hippocampal neural stem cell compartment from significant doses of radiation, we may be able to prevent radiotherapy-related adverse cognitive effects. Now with longer-term follow-up, results confirm that hippocampal avoidance using intensity modulated radiation therapy should be considered the standard of care for patients with brain metastases who are eligible to receive whole-brain radiotherapy."
Dr. Vinai Gondi, director of research, Northwestern Medicine Chicago Proton Center
To study the hypothesis that radiation to the hippocampal stem cells plays a role in cognitive decline, 518 patients were randomized to whole brain radiotherapy plus memantine with or without hippocampal avoidance. The results of the clinical trial found a 26 percent relative reduction in risk of cognitive toxicity following whole brain radiation therapy with hippocampal avoidance versus whole-brain radiotherapy. The cognitive function benefit of hippocampal avoidance did not differ by age.
Over time, patients who received treatment that avoided the hippocampus continued to maintain measurable improvements in cognition. They self-reported fewer neurologic symptoms, less interference of neurologic symptoms with their daily activities and fewer problems remembering things in their daily lives. These patients experienced toxicity, intracranial progression-free survival and overall survival outcomes similar to those experienced by patients who had whole-brain radiotherapy.
"These results revolutionize our understanding of the cognitive effects of brain irradiation in a manner that has far-reaching implications in terms of the safer radiotherapy treatment of primary or metastatic brain tumors," Gondi said. "Our phase III trial not only provides evidence for practice change in the management of brain metastases, but also builds upon decades of preclinical and clinical research to definitely establish the hippocampus as a radiosensitive and cognition-specific organ at risk during brain irradiation."
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