A new class of drugs that inhibits a "master switch" involved in the vast majority of cases of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), a fatal subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, has been discovered by researchers at Mount Sinai.
In a study in Clinical Cancer Research published in June, the team reported that the drugs, known as small-molecule inhibitors of the SOX 11 oncogene, are toxic to MCL tumor development in human cells studied outside the body. If the effect is replicated in living patients, the discovery could lead to new therapies for a disease that is highly resistant to existing treatments.
The SOX 11 protein, which is expressed in up to 90 percent of mantle cell lymphoma patients, is an attractive target for therapy. But until now, no small-molecule inhibitor had been identified. We discovered three structurally related compounds which are able to bind to the oncogene, perturb its interaction with DNA and, through their anti-MCL cytotoxicity, actually kill lymphoma cells with remarkable efficiency."
Samir Parekh, MD, Senior author, Professor of Medicine (Hematology and Medical Oncology), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Mantle cell lymphoma represents approximately six percent of all cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the most common hematological malignancy worldwide. Despite advances in chemotherapy and immunotherapy, MCL patients have a median survival of seven to eight years, and continually relapse after therapies such as ibrutinib, a small-molecule, second-line treatment for the cancer. A major obstacle to the development of compounds that could overcome cellular resistance to treatment has been the fact that SOX 11--a transcription factor that binds to DNA and acts as a master switch to turn genes off and on--is generally considered "undruggable."
To prove otherwise, Dr. Parekh initiated a collaboration with major Mount Sinai research laboratories in Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, and the Center for Therapeutics Discovery at Mount Sinai, specializing in structural biology, computer-aided drug discovery, and medicinal chemistry, and led respectively by Aneel Aggarwal, PhD, Marta Filizola, PhD, and Jian Jin, PhD. After screening more than 12 million compounds at the SOX 11 surface that interact with DNA, the team identified a number of small molecules that were predicted to perturb the SOX 11-DNA interaction, thereby blocking the mechanism by which mantle cell lymphoma develops.
Experimental validation confirmed the inhibitory role of three of these molecules. One in particular showed in ex vivo laboratory studies (done on human cells outside the body) anti-MCL cytotoxicity and inhibition of phosphorylation of BTK, which is part of a signaling cascade that triggers the malignant transformation of B lymphocyte cells into mantle cell lymphoma. The Mount Sinai research showed the efficacy of the molecules as single agents, as well as the synergy of ibrutinib in combination with a SOX 11 inhibitor--either of which could potentially represent a therapeutic strategy for treating MCL.
"These small molecule inhibitors could also be useful tools for understanding the pathogenesis of other malignancies that can be traced to SOX 11, including epithelial ovarian tumors, medulloblastoma, gliomas, and basal-like breast cancer," says Dr. Parekh. In a much broader context, he is hopeful that the findings of his team will prompt innovative research by others into transcription factors like SOX 11. "Many transcription factors exist in a variety of tumors that could be targeted by scientists, and what we've demonstrated through our work is that there is indeed an effective way to make them druggable."
The Mount Sinai-led study involved collaboration with Ohio State University and the National Institutes of Health. It was funded through a NIH R01 CA252222 grant and a research consortium of major academic institutions focused on accelerating the discovery and development of novel cancer therapeutics and diagnostics. This partnership, funded by Celgene Corporation, includes The Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, as well as cancer centers at the University of Pennsylvania, Columbia University, and Johns Hopkins University.
Expanded access to weight-loss drugs could save thousands of lives