Ultrasound can overcome some of the detrimental effects of aging and dementia without the need to cross the blood-brain barrier, Queensland Brain Institute researchers have found.
Professor Jürgen Götz led a multidisciplinary team at QBI's Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research who showed low-intensity ultrasound effectively restored cognition without opening the barrier in mice models.
The findings provide a potential new avenue for the non-invasive technology and will help clinicians tailor medical treatments that consider an individual's disease progression and cognitive decline.
Historically, we have been using ultrasound together with small gas-filled bubbles to open the almost-impenetrable blood-brain barrier and get therapeutics from the bloodstream into the brain."
Professor Jürgen Götz, Queensland Brain Institute
The new research involved a designated control group who received ultrasound without the barrier-opening microbubbles.
"The entire research team was surprised by the remarkable restoration in cognition," he said.
"We conclude therapeutic ultrasound is a non-invasive way to enhance cognition in the elderly."
Aging is associated with impaired cognition and a reduction in the learning induced plasticity of the signalling between neurons called long-term potentiation (LTP).
Dr Daniel Blackmore, senior postdoctoral researcher on the team, said the new research aimed to use ultrasound to restore LTP and improved spatial learning in aged mice.
Professor Götz said the brain was "not particularly accessible", but ultrasound provided a tool for overcoming challenges like the blood-brain barrier.
"Using ultrasound could enhance cognition independently of clearing amyloid and tau, which form plaques and tangles in people with Alzheimer's disease," he said.
"Microbubbles will continue to be used in combination with ultrasound in ongoing Alzheimer's research."
About 400,000 people in Australia have dementia and numbers are projected to increase to one million by 2050, with aging the single biggest risk factor.
Previous research has shown the long-term safety of ultrasound technology and that pathological changes and cognitive deficits could be improved by using ultrasound to treat Alzheimer's disease.
Professor Götz said there were still questions about the differences between normal "physiological" aging and the "pathological" aging that happens in Alzheimer's disease.
''We believe there may be some overlap between physiological and pathological aging in the brain and the potential for this to be corrected with ultrasound is meaningful for those living with Alzheimer's disease," he said.
''We are taking these findings and implementing them in our Alzheimer's research as we go forward to clinical trials.''
Professor Götz's research team aims to understand how brain diseases begin and their progression at molecular and cellular levels in the hope of ultimately developing therapies.
The research has been published in Nature journal Molecular Psychiatry.
Source:
Journal reference:
Blackmore, D.G., et al. (2021) Low-intensity ultrasound restores long-term potentiation and memory in senescent mice through pleiotropic mechanisms including NMDAR signaling. Molecular Psychiatry. doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01129-7.
New insights into brain aging and Alzheimer's from non-human primates