Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy may have risks for younger women, but safe for post-menopausal patients

Reviewed by Emily Henderson, B.Sc.Dec 9 2021

A study of over 200,500 women who had a hysterectomy for non-cancerous reasons found an increased risk of death in women under 50 years of age when the ovaries and fallopian tubes were also removed during the surgery. The same association was not found in women over 50.

The study, published in The BMJ, followed participants over 20 years and found the risk of death declined gradually in the years approaching menopause and was eliminated after the average age of menopause. The findings suggest that surgical removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes, a procedure known as bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO), may have health risks for younger pre-menopausal women, but is safer in older post-menopausal women.

BSO is offered to patients undergoing hysterectomy to prevent the development of ovarian cancer later in life. In Ontario, approximately 12,000 women undergo hysterectomy for non-cancerous gynecologic conditions each year. It is the most common major surgery performed on non-pregnant women worldwide, according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Previous research suggested that BSO may be associated with an increased risk of death in younger women. However, limited data are available on BSO in older women, creating uncertainty for surgeons about what to recommend for women over 50.

Our core goal was to try to understand the health risks associated with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for women of different ages, and provide information that patients and surgeons need to make the right treatment decisions."

Dr Maria Cusimano, Study Lead Author and Resident Physician in Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Michael's Hospital of Unity Health Toronto

Researchers at Unity Health Toronto and ICES evaluated 200,549 women who underwent hysterectomy either with or without concurrent BSO, from 1996 to 2015, and split the women into four age groups. The analysis found an increased risk of death in women who had undergone BSO in the under 45 and the 45-49 age groups, but not in the 50-54 or over 55 groups. The median follow-up to assess survival was 12 years post-procedure.

Researchers acknowledged one downside to the analysis is that it artificially separates the data by age. In reality, there is unlikely to be an actual sudden drop in mortality between the ages of 49 and 50. To most accurately map out the relationship between BSO and mortality as women age, researchers also used a different, more advanced modelling technique and still found the overall relationship gradually shifted from harmful to not harmful around the years when most women begin the transition to menopause.

"We know that bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy can prevent ovarian cancer, but this benefit must be weighed against other potential risks of the procedure," said Dr. Sarah Ferguson, co-author of the study and Professor, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Toronto. "There are definite cancerous and non-cancerous conditions where we actually do need to remove the ovaries, even if a woman is premenopausal. Our study shows that surgeons need to be cautious about removing the ovaries without a clear reason in premenopausal women. However, this strategy may be a safe and effective way to prevent ovarian cancer in older postmenopausal women."

The authors believe the risk of death in women who undergo BSO prior to menopause is higher because BSO in these patients prematurely stops all ovarian hormone production, which may predispose them to serious health problems later in life. The production of estrogen affects multiple organs and a sudden loss of the hormone may contribute to the development or progression of disease.

When the ovaries are removed during hysterectomy in pre-menopausal patients, the sudden loss of hormone production effectively puts patients in "sudden menopause" and patients will immediately begin to experience menopausal symptoms. Side effects include fatigue, hot flashes, insomnia, and increased risk of osteoporosis and heart disease, according to the Canadian Women's Health Network. These same downsides would not be expected to occur in postmenopausal women, whose ovaries have already stopped producing estrogen on their own.

Researchers say the findings will allow surgeons to help patients make more informed choices about their health, but that more research is needed on the impact of BSO to quality of life and sexual function to more fully guide decision-making in this area.