Study finds higher risk of all-cause mortality among pediatric cancer patients in LMICs during the pandemic

Reviewed by Emily Henderson, B.Sc.Apr 11 2022

During the first nine months of the COVID-19 pandemic, pediatric cancer patients from lower- and middle-income countries faced a higher risk of all-cause mortality than those in high-income countries, according to data presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2022, held April 8-13.

This study was concurrently published in BMJ Open.

Pediatric cancer, while rare, is the world's second leading noncommunicable cause of death among children. Research has shown that survival rates from childhood cancers are dramatically different in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with high-income countries (HICs), explained the study's presenter, Muhammed Elhadi, MBBCh, a medical doctor at the University of Tripoli in Libya.

Childhood cancers are often curable, but without appropriate and timely diagnosis and treatment, they are too often fatal. More than 90 percent of pediatric cancer deaths occur in LMICs, due to factors including underdiagnosis and lack of access to effective therapies."

Muhammed Elhadi, MBBCh, medical doctor, University of Tripoli, Libya

As the COVID-19 pandemic spread throughout the world, the same disparities that plague many aspects of health care quickly became apparent. Elhadi and colleagues suspected that the pandemic was disproportionately affecting children's cancer services in LMICs and, subsequently, may be contributing to poorer outcomes for children with cancer.

To evaluate the impact of the pandemic on pediatric cancer care, researchers and clinicians from the Global Health Research Group on Children's Non-Communicable Diseases Collaborative, led by Kokila Lakhoo, PhD, and Noel Peter, BMedSci, collected data from 91 hospitals and cancer centers around the world. They examined data from March to December 2020, encompassing 1,660 patients who were under the age of 18 and had recently been diagnosed with or were in active treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, Wilms tumor, sarcoma, retinoblastoma, gliomas, medullablastomas, or neuroblastomas. In all, 1,104 patients (66.5 percent) were from LMICs and 556 (33.5 percent) were from HICs.

During the first 30 days of the study, 45 patients from the LMICs died, compared with two patients from HICs. Risk of all-cause mortality was 4.3 percent in LMICs, compared with 0.4 percent in the HICs. At 90 days after the study was initiated, 66 patients in LMICs had died, compared with 5 patients in HICs. Risk of all-cause mortality was 7.0 percent in the LMICs, compared with 0.9 percent in the HICs. After controlling for factors including age, sex, weight, tumor grade, and tumor stage, the researchers found that pediatric cancer patients in LMICs had 35.7 times the risk of all-cause mortality than those in HICs.

Researchers found that overall, 219 children had had their cancer treatments delayed, interrupted, or modified due to the pandemic. Elhadi said that while the researchers were able to document canceled or delayed surgeries, and changes to treatment modalities, they were not able to determine whether deaths were caused by COVID-19, cancer, or other causes. The researchers are now collecting data reflecting outcomes from the first year of the pandemic and working to fully identify causes of death, Elhadi said.

"This study illustrates the stark disparities that continue to exist in children's cancer care, and the multiple impacts that COVID-19 pandemic has had on health care systems across the globe," Elhadi said. "Our results underscore the need for a renewed assessment of health care resources.

"This pandemic has become the defining crisis of our generation, and its ramifications may stretch beyond the acute crisis and have far-reaching consequences for the future. Understanding its true impact, taking on key lessons, and identifying vulnerabilities within health systems helps us develop solutions, which will also prove critical on our path toward equitable global pediatric oncology care," Elhadi concluded.

Soham Bandyopadhyay, MA, BM, BCh, FRSPH, an academic doctor at Oxford University Clinical Academic Graduate School and John Radcliffe Hospital and a contributing author on the study, noted that the research was conducted by students and clinicians volunteering in their free time. "Our findings about the impact of the pandemic were made possible due to people's generosity of spirit and action. We believe that more studies and advocacy movements are possible if we build on these strong foundations," he said.

Limitations to the study are as follows: The study included only children who had already been diagnosed with cancer. Research suggests that the pandemic has resulted in many "missed" cases of cancer, and these undiagnosed cases may mean that the true burden in LMICs is even greater than the study reports, the authors said. Also, the researchers did not have specific baseline survival data for all cancer centers involved in the study, as many had never participated in a large research study. Finally, 18 percent of the patients were lost to follow-up at 90 days.