New tool may help better predict resistance to immunoglobulin therapy among children with Kawasaki disease

Reviewed by Emily Henderson, B.Sc.Dec 2 2022

A new tool under development by University at Buffalo researchers could one day help clinicians better predict resistance to immunoglobulin therapy among children with Kawasaki disease in the United States.

The new tool – described in a study published earlier this year in the Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics – lays the groundwork for North America's first test to predict resistance to therapeutic treatments for the rare disease, but severe inflammatory disease.

Compared to the Kobayashi score – the most widely used method in Japan for predicting resistance to the antibody, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), in Kawasaki disease – the UB-developed tool is twice as accurate for Western New York children, achieving a sensitivity (detection) rate of 54%.

Neither system is highly sensitive, but the new score may more accurately identify IVIG resistance in Western New York children and other North American populations than the Kobayashi score."

Jasdip Singh, PharmD, global scientific communications manager at Eli Lilly and Company, first author and UB alum

Kawasaki disease is an acute inflammation of the blood vessels that primarily affects children younger than 5 years of age. The illness is the leading cause of acquired heart disease among children in the U.S., according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. If left untreated, children with the disease can experience life-threatening coronary artery aneurysms.

The standard treatment for Kawasaki disease is IVIG and aspirin. Although most cases are resolved after a single dose of IVIG, 10-20% of children are IVIG resistant and have a higher chance of developing coronary artery aneurysms.

Kawasaki disease occurs worldwide, with the highest incidence in Japan. The Kobayashi score can predict IVIG resistance with a sensitivity rate of 86%, however, the system has limited use outside of Japan – likely due to the nation's homogenous population, say the researchers. The Kobayashi score has a low sensitivity rate of 33% among the varied ethnicities of North America children.

The UB study analyzed 208 cases of children hospitalized with Kawasaki disease at a Buffalo hospital between 2000-15. The data were divided into two groups: IVIG susceptible or resistant.

Four variables that differed between the groups were identified and used to create a new prediction score. The variables included: white blood cell count, neutrophil percentage, age, and serum albumin concentration. Each variable is assigned one point and a score of three or greater denotes high risk for IVIG resistance.

To ensure the new scoring system is applicable across geographical locations, the accuracy of the tool was tested on Kawasaki disease patient data obtained from Western New York, Boston and China.

The new tool had a sensitivity rate of 54% for the Western New York data set, while the rate for the Kobayashi score was 26%. For the Boston data set, the new score had a sensitivity of 40%; far higher than the 0% rate for the Kobayashi score. The sensitivity rate for the new score was the lowest among the China data set, at 27%, whereas the Kobayashi score had a sensitivity rate of 36%.

Our study, although small, highlights the challenges with predicting IVIG resistance. These findings underscore the regional variations that exist with Kawasaki disease and the limitations with applying a risk prediction tool to a population outside of the one it was derived from."

Nicholas Fusco, PharmD, corresponding author, clinical associate professor of pharmacy practice, UB School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

"The new score resulted in improved sensitivity, but many children with true resistance may be missed," he says.

The researchers say that future studies are needed to determine if the new score is applicable in additional U.S. regions outside of the Western New York area; as well as to identify additional variables to improve the accuracy of the tool.

An interdisciplinary collaboration between the fields of pharmacy and medicine, additional investigators on the study include Mark Hicar MD, PhD, associate professor of pediatrics in the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at UB; and Arthur Chang, MD, UB alum and assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Nebraska Medical Center.