A patient with relapsed T cell leukemia has been given base-edited T-cells in a world-first use of a base-edited cell therapy, in a 'bench-to-bedside' collaboration between UCL and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (GOSH).
The patient, 13-year-old Alyssa from Leicester, was diagnosed with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) in 2021. She was treated with all current conventional therapies for her blood cancer, including chemotherapy and a bone marrow transplant, but unfortunately her disease came back and there were no further treatment options.
Alyssa was the first patient to be enrolled onto the TvT clinical trial and in May 2022 she was admitted to the Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) Unit at GOSH, to receive 'universal' CAR T-cells that had been pre-manufactured from a healthy volunteer donor. These cells had been edited using new base-editing technology, which was designed and developed by a team of researchers at UCL, led by Professor Waseem Qasim (UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health), who is also an Honorary Consultant at GOSH.
She was then fitted with a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) to allow them to hunt down and kill cancerous T-cells without attacking each other.
Just 28 days later, Alyssa was in remission and went on the receive a second bone marrow transplant to restore her immune system. Now, six-months post-BMT, she is doing well at home recovering with her family and continues her post-BMT follow-up at GOSH. Without this experimental treatment, Alyssa's only option was palliative care.
Researchers are presenting the data for the first time at the American Society of Haematology annual meeting in New Orleans, USA, this weekend.
The use of genome-edited T-cells (CAR T-cells) to treat B-cell leukemia was first implemented by the same team from GOSH and University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (UCL GOS ICH) in 2015* and they recently reported on trials for children using CRISPR/Cas9 techniques.
However, it's been more difficult to treat some other types of leukemia in this way because T-cells designed to recognize and attack cancerous cells also end up killing each other during the manufacturing process in the lab. Multiple additional DNA changes were needed to generate banks of 'universal' anti-T-cell CAR T-cells for this study.
To create these cells, healthy donor T-cells, arranged by the Anthony Nolan registry, were engineered at the Great Ormond Street Hospital clean room facility with four separate changes. These steps were:
- Removing existing receptors so that T-cells from a donor can be banked and used without matching – making them 'universal'.
- Removing a 'flag' called CD7 that identifies them as T-cells (CD7 T-cell marker). Without this step T-cells programmed to kill T-cells would simply end up destroying the product through 'friendly-fire'
- Removing a second 'flag' called CD52. This makes the edited cells invisible to some of the strong drugs given to the patient during the treatment process.
- Adding a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) which recognizes the CD7 T-cell receptor on leukemic T-cells. The cells become armed against CD7 and recognize and fight T cell leukemia.
These edits were achieved by 'base editing' - chemically converting single nucleotide bases (letters of the DNA code) which carry instructions for a specific protein. For example, changing specific nucleotide bases in the gene for CD7 from a cytosine to a thymine creates a 'stop codon' - the equivalent of a genetic full stop - that prevents the cell machinery reading the full instructions and production of CD7 is terminated.
The result is edited CAR T-cells that can be given to the patient so that they rapidly find and destroy T-cells in the body, including leukemic T-cells. If successful, the patient then receives a bone marrow transplant to restore their depleted immune system.
Previous treatments have relied on techniques called TALENS or CRISPR/Cas9 to deliver changes to genes through cuts made by molecular 'scissors'. The new base editing approach acts without causing breaks in the DNA, allowing more edits, with less risks of unwanted effects on chromosomes. The technique is also being investigated to try and correct harmful changes in DNA code for a variety of inherited conditions
Alyssa's story
Alyssa is the first patient in the world reported to have received a base-edited cell therapy and is currently at home recovering from her treatment. Alyssa and her family are feeling positive that the leukemia is now undetectable, but know she will need to be monitored closely for some time.
Alyssa, 13, has always been at the center of decisions about her care. She said:
"Once I do it, people will know what they need to do, one way or another, so doing this will help people – of course I'm going to do it."
Alyssa was diagnosed with T-cell leukemia in May 2021, after a long period of what the family thought were colds, viruses and general tiredness. While she was treated in Hospitals in Leicester and Sheffield with standard therapies - chemotherapy and a bone marrow transplant - unfortunately the teams were unable to get her cancer under control and into remission.
With the only other option as palliative care, Alyssa and her family extensively discussed this clinical trial with the Bone Marrow Transplant and CAR T-cell therapy experts at GOSH and undertook the decision to be the first to try an experimental treatment for her leukemia.
Kiona, Alyssa's mum said:
"The doctors have said the first six months are the most important and we don't want to get too cavalier but we kept thinking 'If they can just get rid of it, just once, she'll be ok.' And maybe we'll be right."
"Alyssa is very mature and you can forget she is just a child but hopefully this can prove the research works and they can offer it to more children - all of this needs to have been for something. It just feels so senseless. Now we are trying to live between appointments. Alyssa wants to go back to school and that could be a reality soon. She's already teasing her brother as he has had to go back for Autumn term."
"We're on a strange cloud nine to be honest – it's amazing to be home."
Professor Waseem Qasim, Professor of Cell and Gene Therapy at UCL GOS ICH and Consultant Immunologist at GOSH said:
"We designed and developed the treatment from lab to clinic and are now trialing it on children from across the UK – in a unique bench-to-bedside approach."Alyssa's story is a great demonstration of how, with expert teams and infrastructure, we can link cutting-edge technologies in the lab with real results in the hospital for patients. It's our most sophisticated cell engineering so far and paves the way for other new treatments and ultimately better futures for sick children.
"We have a unique and special environment here at GOSH and UCL that allows us to rapidly scale up new technologies and we're looking forward to continuing our research and bringing it to the patients who need it most."
The clinical trial for this treatment is currently open and aims to recruit up to ten patients with T-cell leukemia who have exhausted all conventional treatment options. If shown to be widely successful, the Bone Marrow Transplant and CAR T-cell therapy teams at GOSH hope it can be offered to children earlier in their treatment journey when they are less sick and further applications for other types of leukemia are anticipated in 2023. NHS specialists managing difficult-to-treat leukemia in children from across the country discuss and refer patients to such trials.
Dr Robert Chiesa, Consultant in Bone Marrow Transplant and CAR T-cell therapy at GOSH, said:
"Since Alyssa got sick with her leukemia in May last year, she never achieved a complete remission. Not with chemotherapy and not after her first bone marrow transplant. Only after she received her CD7 CAR-T cell therapy and a second bone marrow transplant in GOSH she has become leukemia free.
"This is quite remarkable, although it is still a preliminary result, which needs to be monitored and confirmed over the next few months.
"The entire team here at GOSH are extremely happy for Alyssa and her family and it's been a privilege to work with them over the past few months. We have been very impressed by how brave she is and nothing makes me happier than seeing her outside the hospital, going back to a more normal type of life."
Dr Louise Jones, Head of Translation at the Medical Research Council, who funded the project through their Developmental Pathway Funding Scheme, said:
"We are delighted to hear of the promising results of this treatment and the hope it has provided for Alyssa and her family. Advanced therapies - medicines based on genes, tissues or cells - have the potential to transform the lives of those with difficult-to-treat diseases and remain a priority for the MRC. If replicated, this 'off the shelf' universal cell therapy will mark a huge step forward in these types of therapies providing life-changing benefits to more patients."
Dr Michael Dunn, Director of Discovery Research at Wellcome, who funded the research said:
"This is a fantastic human example of the real-world impact of breakthrough technologies and we are so pleased for Alyssa and her family. Funding new tools and technologies is a core part of Wellcome's Discovery Research approach to driving shifts in our understanding of life, health and wellbeing."
This trial was funded by the Medical Research Council. Support for the broader research program also comes from Wellcome, Blood Cancer UK and the National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) and the NIHR GOSH Biomedical Research Centre.
The cells were manufactured as part of a long-standing research program led by Professor Waseem Qasim at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, who is also an Honorary Consultant at GOSH. Thanks to early funding from Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity (GOSH Charity), Professor Qasim has been a pioneer in developing new CAR T-cell treatments using innovative gene editing techniques and is based at the Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, a partnership between GOSH and UCL GOS ICH.
The research team wish to thank Anthony Nolan for providing the donor T-cells and all of the donors who donate to the register.
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