Cleaner air improves lung capacity of children and adolescents

Reviewed by Emily Henderson, B.Sc.Feb 23 2023

As air pollution in Stockholm has decreased, so has the lung capacity of children and adolescents has improved, a new study published in the European Respiratory Journal reports. The researchers from Karolinska Institutet consider the results important, since the lung health of the young greatly affects the risk of their developing chronic lung diseases later in life.

Fortunately, we've seen a decrease in air pollutants and therefore an increase in air quality in Stockholm over the past 20 years. We therefore also wanted to examine if the lungs of children also improved during this period."

Erik Melén, study's last author, pediatrician and professor, Department of Clinical Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet

The adverse impact of airborne pollutants on children's lung health are well-documented. According to the researchers, however, how changes in air quality can affect lung development in children and adolescents is less studied.

The study used a cohort from the BAMSE project, in which researchers have been following some 4,000 individuals born between 1994 and 1996. The children were given a questionnaire to answer and spirometric examinations to test their lung function at the ages of 8, 16 and 24.

The researchers estimated, above all, concentrations of airborne pollutants, mostly from traffic, at sites where the participants lived from birth until early adulthood.

In general, air pollution was around 40 per cent lower in Stockholm between 2016 and 2019 than it was between 2002 and 2004. At some locations, such as Hornsgatan on Södermalm, it had decreased by 60 per cent; at others, there was no significant difference in air quality.

"When we compare the individuals living in the areas in which air quality has improved and those in which it hasn't, we find that lung function improved by a few per cent in the participants in the young adult age bracket," says the study's first author Zhebin Yu, postdoc researcher at the Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet. "But above all we could see a 20 per cent lower risk of having significantly impaired lung function."

The researchers conclude that lower exposure to airborne pollutants, even at relatively low levels, is associated with improvements in the development of lung function from childhood to early adulthood.

The results are important, says Professor Melén, since optimal lung development during childhood is a powerful determinant of good health in adulthood.

"It is ultimately of great importance since the lung function that children and adolescents develop as they grow up persists into adulthood," he explains. "If you have reduced lung function as an adult, you run a greater risk of chronic lung diseases like COPD, cardiovascular disease and premature death. So by improving air quality, we reduce the likelihood of children developing chronic diseases later in life."

Previous studies from the BAMSE project have shown that lung function growth can both improve and deteriorate over time, and these new results show that air pollution can play an important part in this.

"Airborne pollutants that are by nature persistent are a great worry and our study clearly indicates that efforts to improve air quality have paid off, with quantifiable improvements in child and adolescent health," says Professor Melén.

The next step is to examine potential advantages of cleaner air for lung diseases like asthma, bronchitis and prodromal COPD and for cardiometabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

The study was conducted in collaboration with SLB-analys, Stockholm South (Söder) General Hospital and Region Stockholm's Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, and was financed by the European Research Council, the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation and the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare.