Spectroscopy probe could make deep brain stimulation safer and improve success rates

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become an increasingly common treatment for patients with advanced Parkinson's disease, but the procedure still carries significant risks. A new probe that performs two types of spectroscopy could make the procedure safer and improve success rates by helping doctors more accurately navigate instruments inside the brain. The research team identified white and grey matter using principal component analysis (PCA), proving that spectroscopic measurements could be suitable for neuronavigation.

For DBS, surgeons place electrodes in the brain to disrupt the errant signals that cause debilitating tremors and stiffness associated with advanced Parkinson's disease. It can be a remarkably effective treatment for patients who no longer benefit from available medications, but placing an electrode in the wrong spot can reduce the effectiveness and lead to psychological disorders.

Mireille Quémener from CERVO Brain Research Center (Université Laval) in Québec will detail the new research at Optica's Biophotonics Congress being held in Vancouver, British Columbia and online 23 – 27 April 2023. Quémener's presentation is scheduled for Thursday, 27 April at 12:15 PDT (UTC – 07:00).

Improving neurosurgical guidance for the DBS electrode insertion would streamline the surgical process, decrease the surgery time, reduce the overall health treatment cost and prevent adverse neuropsychological consequences."

Mireille Quémener from CERVO Brain Research Center

Real-time navigation support

DBS is a two-part procedure, including one surgery to place electrodes in specific parts of the brain and a second surgery to implant a battery pack that delivers electrical current to the electrodes. For the first procedure, doctors typically rely on pre-surgery magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to plan where they will insert electrodes. However, this can sometimes lead to an inaccurate placement since the brain can shift by up to 2 mm during the process of drilling an access hole through the skull.

In the new work, researchers created a DBS electrode that is enhanced with an optical probe to perform coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy (CARS) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) on brain tissues during the insertion process. The probe fits within the DBS electrode and contains two fibers for CARS and DRS illumination and a third fiber for collecting the signals. Once the electrode reaches the target position, the optical probe can be while the electrode stays in place.

Confirming accuracy

To test the new probe, a neurosurgeon used it to implant electrodes in six regions of the brain of a human cadaver. CARS and DRS measurements were collected along a total length of 50 mm in each of the brain's two hemispheres. After the procedure, researchers extracted the brain and visually identified the white and grey matter through which the probe had passed.

Comparing the readouts from the CARS and DRS measurements to the visual record of brain structures, the researchers found the CARS and DRS methods identified brain tissue with great accuracy. These findings confirm that spectroscopy could be a useful tool to help neurosurgeons navigate the brain.

The researchers plan to study whether the approach could be used to collect even more detailed spectroscopic information, for example to measure neurotransmitters that provide a chemical signature of brain activity.

"Our team is currently working on adapting the optical probe to use it in clinical trials for patients who will receive a DBS surgery. We are convinced that optical methods have enormous potential for surgical guidance, and hope that our technology will emerge in the clinic to assist surgeons in various brain procedures," said Quémener.