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Local Anesthesia

The localized loss of sensation with resultant reduction in pain stimuli is the end result of local anesthesia. This mode of anesthesia is considered to be safer than general anesthesia, because it bypasses the systemic (i.e. body-wide) effects seen with general anesthesia, such as a loss of consciousness and hemodynamic alterations.

9 Aug 2017

Neurogenic Bladder

A neurogenic bladder is a term for the lack of bladder control caused by an injury to the spine, brain, or nerves affecting afferent or efferent signaling. These nerves carry messages between the bladder and spinal cord, and direct the holding and release of urine. When the nerves fail to function, the symptoms of neurogenic bladder develop.

9 Aug 2017

Painful Bladder Syndrome

Painful bladder syndrome or interstitial cystitis (IC), a chronic, life-long medical condition, creates urinary symptoms that are painful. The intensity of the pain varies across individuals; some individuals may feel less discomfort in the pelvic region, while others may experience chronic bladder pain or the urge to urinate suddenly or frequently.

9 Aug 2017

How is Social Anxiety Diagnosed?

Social phobia, also known as social anxiety disorder, is a condition where the person feels an intense shyness or fear.

9 Aug 2017

Tests for Cystic Fibrosis During Pregnancy

Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that affects the lungs, pancreas, digestive system, and many other organs. It is caused by a defect in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The CFTR protein controls transport of salt in and out of the cell, and mutations in the gene result in an imbalance in that transport system, leading to a build-up of thick, sticky mucus in the tissues. This leads to symptoms and complications, particularly in the lungs, where the thick mucus obstructs airways and traps bacteria, causing frequent infections.

9 Aug 2017

Water Birth Safety

There are other conditions as well which must be followed to ensure that a water birth is safe for both mother and infant. The question of a safe birth in water is a vexed one, with American paediatricians and obstetricians pitting their opposition to birth in water to the widespread endorsement of water birth as a safe alternative to land birth in most of Europe.

9 Aug 2017

Urologic Diseases

The urinary system is comprised of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system (also called the renal system) is to remove waste from the body and to regulate electrolytes, blood volume, blood pressure, and blood pH. The kidneys filter the blood so the waste can exit through the ureters to the bladder in the form of urine.

9 Aug 2017

Labor: what is the “show”?

These symptoms often signal the earliest phase of the first stage of labor, namely, the latent phase. This involves the thinning or effacement of the thick tubular cervix which is closed tightly throughout a normal pregnancy, so that it becomes a thin rim stretched over the uterine opening.

8 Aug 2017

Secondary Lung Cancer

In primary lung cancer, cancerous lung cells are the cause of cancer. The cell types in metastases or secondary cancer are the same as those in the primary cancer. For example, if the bowel cancer has spread to the lungs, then the cell type of the secondary lung cancer comprises of bowel cancer cells.

8 Aug 2017

Secondary Brain Cancer

Cancers such as breast cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer, bowel cancer, and melanoma skin cancer can spread to the brain causing secondary brain cancer, which is approximately 10 times more frequent compared to primary brain cancer.

8 Aug 2017

Genetics of Eyesight

Eyesight refers to the capability of an individual to view things. The eyes collect the light from an object that is processed by the brain. The retina is a light-responsive layer that acts as a screen located at the back of each eye.

8 Aug 2017

Oral Candidiasis Causes

An overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans or other Candida speciesin the mouth is responsible for causing oral thrush. A small quantity of Candida fungus is naturally present in the mouth and digestive tract of most individuals, and it does not usually cause an infection and resulting symptoms. However, changes in the oral environment under certain circumstances can cause the fungus tomultiply and lead to the presentation of oral thrush.

8 Aug 2017

Urinary Tract Infections in Children

Studies have found that 2 out of 100 boys and 8 out of 100 girls are at risk of developing urinary tract infections (UTIs). In general, bacteria are not found in the urinary tract. However, some factors make it easy for the bacteria to enter and stay in the urinary tract. When bacteria found on the skin, especially near the anus and vagina, enter the kidneys or urinary bladder, they cause infection in the urinary tract.. Eating healthy and preventing dehydration is essential for bladder health.

8 Aug 2017

Actinic Cheilitis - Symptoms and Causes

AC is the acronym for actinic cheilitis and is a condition where the lower lip becomes dry, rough, and thick with scales. It is mainly caused by the excessive exposing of the lips to the sun, and for this reason actinis cheilitis is also known as solar cheilitis.

8 Aug 2017

Sun Exposure - Positive and Negative Effects

Sunlight has both positive and negative effects on the human body. For example, it is well known that sun exposure can cause burns to the skin and increase the risk of cancer over the long term; however, sun exposure is also required for synthesis of Vitamin D in the skin. This results in a need to find an optimal balance between healthy sun exposure and dangerous over-exposure.

8 Aug 2017

Why Does Asparagus Make Urine Smell?

Asparagus or Asparagus officinalis is a spring vegetable rich in vitamins (A, C, E, K, and B6), minerals (iron, copper, calcium), proteins, and fiber. Even though the plant possesses various medical properties for supporting kidney functions, fertility, cancer, etc., the factor that makes it a food for thought is its ability to give urine a pungent smell.

8 Aug 2017

Vaginal Microbiome Variation and Bacterial Vaginosis

By forming a mutual relationship with the host, the vaginal microbiome (i.e. various kinds of vaginal microbial communities present in healthy women) has a significant impact on women’s health and disease. In the recent years our knowledge of those vaginal bacteria communities has expanded rapidly as a consequence of using modern molecular (cultivation-independent) methods for species identification.

8 Aug 2017

Social Anxiety - Common Causes

The causes of social anxiety are extremely complex and difficult to identify for the psychologist.

8 Aug 2017

Cystic Fibrosis History

Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disease that affects the production of mucus in the body. A genetic defect in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein disrupts transport of salts into and out of the cell, resulting in a thick, sticky mucus. The most prominent effect of the disease is obstruction of airways in the lungs and loss of defensive action against some bacteria leading to infection. The disease affects many other tissues and organs of the body, and leads to a significantly shortened lifespan.

8 Aug 2017

Neural Mechanisms of Social Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety is an adaptive response that is of great benefit to all life forms. It triggers fear learning, i.e., survival instincts that alert an organism to its surroundings and the dangers that prevail in it. However, extreme anxiety that is inappropriate to a circumstance and is prolonged is a negative emotion, labeled as a social anxiety disorder (SAD).

7 Aug 2017