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Anisocoria - Unequal Pupil Sizes

Anisocoria is a term that refers to an abnormal condition in which the pupils of the two eyes in the same individual are of different sizes. Normally, the size of the pupil is identical in both eyes. Pupillary diameter varies as both irises normally constrict or dilate simultaneously according to the light in the environment.

6 Sep 2016

Astigmatism - Common Eye Condition

Astigmatism is a term that refers to an imperfection in the shape of the cornea.

5 Sep 2016

Bacterial Keratitis

Bacterial keratitis is a condition that involves an infection of the cornea. This is the clear dome that covers the iris and pupil of the eye. Bacterial infection of the cornea can lead to symptoms such as pain, photosensitivity, discharge from the eye, and impaired vision.

5 Sep 2016

Ophthalmology

Ophthalmology is the specialized field of medicine that focuses on the health of the eye. It includes the anatomy, physiology and diseases that may affect the eye. Historically, the science of ophthalmology encompassed all aspects of visual function, both in health and in illness. Additionally, ophthalmology also includes animal eyes as ocular function and optic diseases are similar among humans and animals.

5 Sep 2016

Eyelid Cancer

Eyelid cancers refer to the several types of malignant cell growth on the eyelid. Whatever the type, the tumor is graded by the differentiation seen in the cells, and the rate of proliferation. Basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas are the most frequent. Cancers which do not belong to these groups are rare but occur with a six-fold increased incidence in elderly white patients.

5 Sep 2016

ADHD Management

For patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), it is important to manage the condition appropriately to ensure they maintain a high quality of life. Management techniques typically include several different approaches simultaneously, such as behavior therapy, lifestyle interventions and education about the condition.

5 Sep 2016

ADHD Epidemiology

The epidemiological rates for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) vary considerably throughout the world. This is thought to be due to environmental and behavioral changes, in addition to differences in diagnostic criteria used throughout the world.

5 Sep 2016

ADHD Pathophysiology

The exact pathophysiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is not clear. With this said, several mechanisms have been proposed as factors associated with the condition. These include abnormalities in the functioning of neurotransmitters, brain structure and cognitive function.

5 Sep 2016

Glomerulosclerosis - Hardening of Glomerulus in the Kidney

Glomerulosclerosis refers to the scarring of the glomeruli in the kidneys following any type of insult.

2 Sep 2016

How is Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Diagnosed?

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP) is a condition caused by systemic inflammation of the body’s blood vessels. It is most common in childhood and is caused by an autoimmune phenomenon.

2 Sep 2016

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura - IgA Vasculitis

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP) is an autoimmune disorder that is due to the production of autoantibodies against some of the body’s own antigens. It occurs most commonly in children between the ages of 2 and 11 years.

2 Sep 2016

Cutaneous Mucinoses

Mucinoses encompass a group of diverse skin disorders which can vary from minor cosmetic nuisances to potentially severe conditions involving internal organs. All involve the abnormal accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharide (mucin) either diffusely or locally in the skin or even within the hair follicles.

1 Sep 2016

What Does a Sentinel Node Biopsy Involve?

The sentinel node is the first lymph node that filters lymphatic fluid from the tissue surrounding a tumor. As the first node in the lymph circulatory system “downstream” from the tumor, this is more likely to show the presence of migrating tumor cells than any other.

1 Sep 2016

Sentinel Lymph Nodes

The lymphatic system is a specialized transport network in the body much like the circulatory system.

1 Sep 2016

Radial Scar Diagnosis and Management

Radial scars (RS) are benign, tumor-like lesions which are most commonly an incidental finding during mammography. When they are greater than 1 cm in diameter, they are referred to as complex sclerosing lesions. The recent widespread use of imaging techniques such as mammography has led to the identification of features characteristic of this lesion.

1 Sep 2016

Radial Scar of the Breast

Radial scar (RS) is a well-recognized radiological and pathological benign breast entity with specific characteristics. Generally, the term RS is assigned to such lesions less than 1 cm in diameter, whilst those that are 1 cm or larger are described as complex sclerosing lesions.

1 Sep 2016

What Does a Quadrantectomy Involve?

Following a diagnosis of breast cancer, the majority of women are likely to undergo some form of surgical procedure. The options usually offered are as follows...

1 Sep 2016

Preventing Toxocariasis

Because humans live with dogs and cats everywhere in the world, toxocariasis, which is an infection by dog and cat roundworms, is widespread globally.

1 Sep 2016

Palliative and End-of-Life Care in Lung Cancer

Palliative care is holistic care that is focused on helping patients with life-threatening or grave illnesses to achieve a better quality of life to the very end. It is aimed at averting or treating problems caused by the illness or its treatment, in the physical, emotional, social and spiritual spheres of the patient’s life, even if there is no prospect of a cure. It may be termed “comfort care”, because it aims at providing total support to the patient and the patient’s family and managing symptoms throughout the course of the disease.

1 Sep 2016

Brucellosis: Background, Types, Diagnosis, Treatment

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease - a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Humans can become infected through contact with an infected animal, infected food, or inhalation. Four species of bacteria from the genus Brucella infect humans: B. abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis, and B. suis.

1 Sep 2016