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Surface Attachment of Biological Elements

A biosensor consists of a bioelement that interacts with an analyte and a transducer that converts the response into an electrical signal. The bioelement is usually an enzyme, antibody or microorganism and the transducer may be optical, acoustic, electrochemical or calorimetric.

16 Jun 2010

Biosensors and Food Industry

Biosensors have extensive applications in the food and agriculture industries. The devices contain a transducer and a biological element, which may be an enzyme, antibody, microbe, or organelle. The biological element (bioelement) interacts with the analyte being tested and the biological response is converted into an electrical signal by the transducer.

16 Jun 2010

Biosensor Applications

Biosensors are devices comprising a biological element and a physiochemical detector that are used to detect analytes. These instruments have a wide range of applications ranging from clinical through to environmental and agricultural. The devices are also used in the food industry.

16 Jun 2010

Biosensor Principles

The term “biosensor” is short for “biological sensor” and is a device made up of a transducer and a biological element that may be an enzyme, an antibody, or a nucleic acid. The biological element or bioelement interacts with the analyte being tested and the biological response is converted into an electrical signal by the transducer. Every biosensor has a biological component that acts as the sensor and an electronic component that detects and transmits the signal.

16 Jun 2010

What are Biosensors?

The term “biosensor” is short for “biological sensor.” The device is made up of a transducer and a biological element that may be an enzyme, an antibody or a nucleic acid. The bioelement interacts with the analyte being tested and the biological response is converted into an electrical signal by the transducer. Depending on their particular application, biosensors are also known as immunosensors, optrodes, resonant mirrors, chemical canaries, biochips, glucometers and biocomputers.

16 Jun 2010

Hunter Syndrome Treatments

Hunter syndrome is an inherited disorder where glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) build up in cells of the body due to a deficiency of the enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase.

16 Jun 2010

Hunter Syndrome Biochemistry

Numerous biochemical reactions support key functions in the human body. These functions include energy production, communication within the body, growth, development and the fight against infection. Another important function is the breakdown of large biomolecules. A fault in the breakdown of these molecules is the pathological mechanism behind hunter syndrome and other storage diseases.

16 Jun 2010

Hunter Syndrome Symptoms

The symptoms of Hunter syndrome vary from person to person. While one individual may have mild symptoms, another can develop severe complications. The symptoms of this condition are not present when a child is born, but start to develop after the first year of life. If symptoms start to manifest early (between 2 and 4 years of age), they are generally more severe.

16 Jun 2010

Hunter Syndrome Diagnosis

A diagnosis of Hunter syndrome is usually suspected in young people who display signs and symptoms of the condition. Characteristic changes in the facial features provide the main initial warning that a child may have Hunter syndrome.

16 Jun 2010

Hunter Syndrome Genetics

Hunter syndrome is a lysosomal storage disease that is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner and therefore mainly affects male offspring.

16 Jun 2010

What is Hunter Syndrome?

Hunter’s syndrome is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency in the enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S). The disease was first described in 1917 by physician Charles A. Hunter (1873-1955), a Scottish national who had a medical practice in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The disease is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner and usually affects males.

16 Jun 2010

Hives Treaments

Hives or urticaria mostly resolves on its own and does not require treatment if the condition is mild. Acute urticaria usually resolves completely within six weeks. If the itching and symptoms are particularly bothersome, treatment may be offered.

16 Jun 2010

Hives Diagnosis

Diagnosis of hives or urticaria is often made on clinical examination of the lesions which are caused by exposure to an allergen.

16 Jun 2010

Hives Pathophysiology

Urticaria or hives is commonly caused by the release of histamine and other chemical messengers in the skin surface. The release of these chemicals leads to the symptoms of allergy such as redness, itchiness and swelling.

16 Jun 2010

What are Hives?

Hives, also called urticaria, nettle rash or welts is essentially an allergic skin rash.

16 Jun 2010

Pyelonephritis Symptoms

Pyelonephritis typically occurs when a urinary tract infection migrates to the upper urinary tract, thus causing the kidney to become inflamed.

16 Jun 2010

Pyelonephritis Pathology

Pyelonephritis is a type of urinary tract infection that affects one or both kidneys. The condition is encountered in the acute and chronic forms, with further subclassification of the latter depending on whether there is also a lower urinary tract obstruction.

16 Jun 2010

Pyelonephritis Treatments

Pyelonephritis refers to a lower urinary tract infection that has spread to the pelvis of the kidney.

16 Jun 2010

What is Pyelonephritis?

The urinary system is the drainage system of the human body for removing waste and extra water. It consists of the two kidneys, two ureters (which connect the kidneys and the bladder), a bladder and a urethra. Urinary tract infections represent the most common urologic disease with enormous direct and indirect costs of medical care for affected individuals.

16 Jun 2010