Cattle plague – rinderpest, eradicated for good

By Dr. Ananya Mandal, MDMay 26 2011

As welcome news, world farm monitors on Wednesday declared a cattle-killing virus that has been a curse through the ages as eradicated. This is the first time an animal disease has been eradicated in human history. The global watchdog for farm-animal trade approved a report certifying that the last 14 countries of the world were free of rinderpest, also called cattle plague.

This disease is highly contagious and often fatal among bovine species but not infectious for humans. The rinderpest virus has a destructive history going back two thousand years. The disease probably originated in the steppes of Central Asia before cutting through Europe, Asia and Africa, helped by trade. Rinderpest afflicts cattle, yaks, wildebeest and buffaloes but can also cause milder symptoms in cloven-footed animals, including sheep and goats. Animals become feverish, develop lesions in the mouth, diarrhoea and dehydration.

Attempts have been made to eradicate it by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and national veterinary agencies since 1920. Their prime weapons have been vaccines as well as routine surveillance, in which outbreaks are swiftly spotted by veterinarians and then circumscribed. To ensure full eradication, the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme (GREP), co-ordinated by the FAO in collaboration with the OIE and major donors such as the European Commission, was initiated in the 1980s.

“It's a historic moment,” said Bernard Vallat, director-general of the OIE, the Paris-based agency which oversees veterinary health among international trade in farm animals. “The world is free of rinderpest, its virus no longer circulates among animals…A sword of Damocles that has been hanging over all our heads has now been lifted,” he said.

Ann Tutwiler, deputy director general of the FAO, said eradication massively boosted the fight against hunger and malnutrition, a problem expected to worsen through population growth and climate change. “We have a tremendous success that we can count today. It's a success that's born of cooperation, collaboration and partnership and most particularly knowledge,” she said.

FAO said, “Rinderpest epidemics and resulting losses preceded the fall of the Roman empire, the conquest of Christian Europe by Charlemagne and the impoverishment of Russia…When rinderpest was introduced into sub-Saharan Africa, at the end of the 19th century, it triggered extensive famines and opened the way for the colonisation of Africa.” Asked to describe the achievement, veterinarians compared rinderpest eradication with that of smallpox, which was declared in 1979 to have been stamped out through a global vaccination campaign. The OIE assembly agreed that remaining samples of the virus should be collected and destroyed except for a small number that should be kept in special labs under high security, to avoid accidental release or use in bioterrorism.

The last 14 countries to be declared free of the disease were Azerbaijan, the Bahamas, the Comores, Federated States of Micronesia, Gambia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Sao Tome, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Turkmenistan and the United Arab Emiraes. The FAO will hold its own ceremonies in Rome next month, attended by agriculture ministers and some heads of state, to celebrate the breakthrough, Tutwiler said.