Morbidly obese patients with end-stage organ failure may improve their chances for successful organ transplantation after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, according to a new study presented here at the 29th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS).
Though the study included only 26 patients whose average age was 57, researchers from the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine say it is the largest study to examine the impact of gastric sleeve surgery on pre-transplant patients. Six patients had end-stage kidney disease and 20 patients had severely compromised liver function. Patients had an average body mass index (BMI) of 48.3 (about 125 pounds overweight) and all were candidates for a kidney or liver transplant, or both.
After gastric sleeve surgery, patients lost 17 percent of their excess weight at one month, 26 percent at three months, 50 percent at 12 months, and 66 percent at 24 months. Within nine months of surgery, one patient's kidney function stabilized and he was taken off the transplant list, one patient had a combined liver and kidney transplant, one patient had a kidney transplant and six patients had liver transplants. Sixteen patients are currently on the transplant list and have lost enough weight to qualify for transplantation at UCSF. There were six complications among the group and one patient died four years later, while waiting for a transplant.
"This study suggests sleeve gastrectomy may be performed safely in carefully selected morbidly obese patients with impending organ failure and the significant weight loss they achieve may make them more suitable candidates for transplantation," said lead study author Matthew Yi-Chih Lin, MD, a bariatric surgeon at the UCSF School of Medicine.
In addition to significant weight loss, gastric sleeve patients saw improvements in obesity-related health conditions including Type 2 diabetes. Seven of the 13 patients with Type 2 diabetes had complete resolution of the disease and one patient was able to significantly reduce insulin use.
With more than two-thirds of Americans overweight or obese, obesity-related liver and kidney diseases are becoming a more common reason for transplantation. However, many who are waiting for a transplant may not qualify for it because of their excess weight. Researchers say most centers will not perform organ transplantation in patients who have BMIs of more than 35 to 40.
According to the federal government, there were 16,898 kidney transplant procedures in 2010, with 94,598 people on the waiting list. Liver transplants numbered 6,291, with 16,954 people on the waiting list. About one-third of people on organ transplantation waiting lists are obese and as many as 15 percent are morbidly obese.
Dr. Lin notes surgeons chose sleeve gastrectomy for pre-transplant patients over other methods of bariatric surgery because it avoids implantation of a foreign body, like a gastric band, in immunosuppressed patients and maintains endoscopic access to the biliary system, which includes the gallbladder, bile ducts and certain cells inside the liver, and bile ducts outside the liver.
In a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, surgeons remove almost 85 percent of the stomach and shape the remaining stomach into a tube or sleeve. The minimally invasive procedure limits the amount of food patients can consume and helps them feel full sooner.
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