Why do some people remain healthy into their 80s and beyond, while others age faster and suffer serious diseases decades earlier? New research led by UCLA life scientists may produce a new way to answer that question -- and an approach that could help delay declines in health.
Specifically, the study suggests that analyzing intestinal bacteria could be a promising way to predict health outcomes as we age.
The researchers discovered changes within intestinal microbes that precede and predict the death of fruit flies. The findings were published in the open-source journal Cell Reports.
"Age-onset decline is very tightly linked to changes within the community of gut microbes," said David Walker, a UCLA professor of integrative biology and physiology, and senior author of the research. "With age, the number of bacterial cells increase substantially and the composition of bacterial groups changes."
The study used fruit flies in part because although their typical life span is just eight weeks, some live to the age equivalent of humans' 80s and 90s, while others age and die much younger. In addition, scientists have identified all of the fruit fly's genes and know how to switch individual ones on and off.
In a previous study, the UCLA researchers discovered that five or six days before flies died, their intestinal tracts became more permeable and started leaking.
In the latest research, which analyzed more than 10,000 female flies, the scientists found that they were able to detect bacterial changes in the intestine before the leaking began. As part of the study, some fruit flies were given antibiotics that significantly reduce bacterial levels in the intestine; the study found that the antibiotics prevented the age-related increase in bacteria levels and improved intestinal function during aging.
The biologists also showed that reducing bacterial levels in old flies can significantly prolong their life span.
"When we prevented the changes in the intestinal microbiota that were linked to the flies' imminent death by feeding them antibiotics, we dramatically extended their lives and improved their health," Walker said. (Microbiota are the bacteria and other microorganisms that are abundant in humans, other mammals, fruit flies and many other animals.)
Flies with leaky intestines that were given antibiotics lived an average of 20 days after the leaking began -- a substantial part of the animal's life span. On average, flies with leaky intestines that did not receive antibiotics died within a week.
The intestine acts as a barrier to protect our organs and tissue from environmental damage.
"The health of the intestine -- in particular the maintenance of the barrier protecting the rest of the body from the contents of the gut -- is very important and might break down with aging," said Rebecca Clark, the study's lead author. Clark was a UCLA postdoctoral scholar when the research was conducted and is now a lecturer at England's Durham University.
The biologists collaborated with William Ja, an assistant professor at Florida's Scripps Research Institute, and Ryuichi Yamada, a postdoctoral research associate in Ja's laboratory, to produce an additional group of flies that were completely germ-free, with no intestinal microbes. Those flies showed a very dramatic delay in intestinal damage, and they lived for about 80 days, approximately one-and-a-half times as long as the animal's typical life span.
Scientists have recently begun to connect a wide variety of diseases, including diabetes and Parkinson's, among many others, to changes in the microbiota, but they do not yet know exactly what healthy microbiota look like.
"One of the big questions in the biology of aging relates to the large variation in how we age and how long we live," said Walker, who added that scientific interest in intestinal microbes has exploded in the last five years.
When a fruit fly's intestine begins to leak, its immune response increases substantially and chronically throughout its body. Chronic immune activation is linked with age-related diseases in people as well, Walker said.
Walker said that the study could lead to realistic ways for scientists to intervene in the aging process and delay the onset of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, stroke, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and other diseases of aging -- although such progress could take many years, he said.
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