Candidiasis needs to be treated early, aggressively to help vulnerable hospitalized patients

One of the most common causes of healthcare-associated infections, candidiasis is a serious, life-threatening fungal infection that needs to be treated early, aggressively and appropriately, note updated guidelines released by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and published in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases.

Updating guidelines released in 2009, the new guidelines underscore the importance of consulting an infectious diseases (ID) specialist to identify candidiasis quickly and ensure a good outcome, as well as recommend a shift from fluconazole to echinocandins for the initial treatment of invasive infections. Candida fungi can cause a wide variety of infections, including of the mouth, tongue, vagina and esophagus, but candidiasis most often is invasive, involving deep tissues. Among the most serious is blood-stream infection (candidemia), a significant problem for vulnerable hospitalized patients. As many as 47 percent of patients with candidemia die, according to some studies.

The updated guidelines recommend the medication switch because newer research shows that in invasive infections, echinocandins - which kill the fungus - are more effective than fluconazole - which prevents the fungus from growing. Another change is the recommendation of testing for antifungal susceptibility as resistance is a growing concern in candidiasis. The new guidelines also emphasize the benefits of the step-down approach, in which a patient may be started on intravenous (IV) antifungals (such as echinocandins) and then switched to oral medication (such as fluconazole).

"Virtually anything in the body can be infected with Candida, but infections of the blood stream, or seeded from the blood stream - heart, brain, eyes, kidneys, liver - are the ones we worry about the most," said Peter G. Pappas, MD, lead author of the study and professor of medicine in the Division of Infectious Diseases at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. "These infections are a significant concern among hospitalized patients. In fact, patients who get candidemia are more likely to die than those whose bloodstream infections are caused by bacteria."

The guidelines note that intensive care unit physicians should suspect candidiasis in patients who are deteriorating without an obvious reason, have unexplained fever, have an elevated white blood cell count, have a central venous catheter or recently had abdominal surgery.

"There is no specific, rapid diagnostic test, and these infections can be difficult to diagnose and treat," said Carol A. Kauffman, MD, co-author of the guidelines, professor of internal medicine at the University of Michigan Medical School and chief of the Infectious Diseases Section of the Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System. "Consulting with an ID specialist - who has the expertise to make sense of all of the factors involved - is crucial."

AT A GLANCE

• Life-threatening candidiasis must be identified and treated quickly to save lives, according to new guidelines published by the IDSA.

• ID specialists have the expertise to quickly diagnose and appropriately treat the fungal infection, a common cause of healthcare-associated infections.

• Invasive candidiasis initially should be treated with echinocandins, rather than fluconazole, the new guidelines suggest.

• Patients whose blood stream infections are caused by Candida are more likely to die than