Aggressive cancer cells spread from a tumour to another part of the body through the blood vessel. To be able get in and out of the blood vessel, the cancer cell needs to penetrate tissue. Researchers from The University of Bergen have discovered a protein that the cancer cell uses like scissors to cut up tissue, so it can spread from a tumour to a new organ. Nils Halberg at the University of Bergen has identified a protein that makes it possible for cancer cells to spread.
The cells inside a tumour differ a lot. While some remains "good" and do not cause trouble, others become aggressive and starts to spread to other organ sites. It is very hard to predict which cells become aggressive or not.
Nevertheless, by isolating these aggressive cancer cells in in vivo tests on animals, researchers at The Rockefeller University and the Department of Biomedicine at the University of Bergen (UiB) have discovered a certain protein (PITPNC1) that characterise aggressive cancer cells.
"We discovered that the aggressive cancer cells that are spreading in colon, breast, and skin cancer contained a much higher portion of the protein PITPNC1, than the non-aggressive cancer cells," says researcher Nils Halberg of the CELLNET Group at the Department of Biomedicine at UiB.
"This means we can predict which of the cancer cells are getting aggressive and spread, at a much earlier stage than today."
How cells penetrate tissue
The researcher also discovered that this protein, that characterizes the aggressive cancer cells, has got a very specific function in the process of spreading cancer.
The cancer cells spread from one place in the body to another, through the blood vessel. To get into the blood vessels, the cell needs to penetrate tissue, both when it leaves the tumour and when it is attaching to a new organ.
"The protein PITPNC1 regulates a process whereby the cancer cells are secreting molecules, which cut through a network of proteins outside the cells, like scissors. The cancer cell is then able to penetrate the tissue and set up a colonies at new organ sites," Halberg explains.
The researchers discovery is recently published in the journal Cancer Cell.
Custom-made therapy
A tumour that is not spreading, is usually not dangerous for the patient if it is removed. The hard part in cancer therapy is when the tumour starts to spread. Guided by the new discoveries, supported by the Bergen Research Foundation´s (BFS) Recruitment Programme, Halberg hopes to contribute to a better treatment of cancer patients.
"If we get to the point where we can offer a custom-made therapy that targets the function of this protein, we might be able to stop it spreading," says Nils Halberg.
MR1 molecule and vitamin B6 could unlock new paths for cancer immunotherapy