Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex condition that requires a lifetime of care and increases a person's cancer risk. But its origins are still a mystery. Now, a team of researchers have created a new culture model of the human intestine where living tissue from a patient biopsy can be preserved and studied for days.
The model, described in a study published this week in Biomicrofluidics, from AIP Publishing, will enable researchers to study potential disease causes and test new drugs to treat IBD, said study author Amy Dawson, a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of John Greenman at the University of Hull, U.K. The study was performed in collaboration with Morten Jacobsen at the University of Oslo in Norway, the senior lead on the study.
"The new model enables studies of the complex interactions between host cells, mucus production, and gut microbes in a system that closely mimics the situation in human patients," Dawson said.
Although localized inflammation and differences in the gut microbiome have been linked to the symptoms of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease -- the two forms of IBD -- the precise cause of these disorders is still unknown. Studies of IBD are typically performed using cell culture experiments or animal models, which don't mimic the precise conditions that occur in the gut of human patients. When using biopsied tissue, researchers rely on a device known as the Ussing chamber, which clamps the sample in place under static growth conditions -- crushing parts of the sample and keeping it viable for approximately eight hours. Instead of such static culture conditions, Dawson and her colleagues turned to a dual flow microfluidic chamber -- which removes wastes and supplies nutrients via continuous liquid streams -- and can keep tissues viable for prolonged periods of time.
To study biopsied intestinal samples, the research team engineered a microfluidic chamber where intact tissues can be inserted in a known orientation. Fluid flow on either side of the tissue mimicked the luminal and serosal surfaces of the gut within the body. Tissue samples were collected from patients who were undergoing biopsies after a diagnosis of IBD, and from patients suffering colon cancer whose tissues were unaffected by IBD-linked changes.
In the first 24 hours, tissues released large amounts of lactate dehydrogenase, an enzyme marker linked to cell death -- likely because cells were damaged during the surgery and setting up the device, Dawson explained. But after this initial spike, enzyme functions and microscopic analysis showed that the tissues remained alive and viable for up to 72 hours within the dual-flow device.
"You would expect some form of decay after removal from the human body," Dawson said. "But the tissue remains functional for a significant amount of time."
Nearly 85 percent of patient samples could be successfully used to create such IBD models. Using these biopsies to test different treatment plans could also help to quickly identify personalized plans to treat patients' disorders.
"The model is relatively easy to establish in any laboratory and can be applied to many kinds of tests, as it is more similar to the reality of the human body," Dawson added.
In future studies, the team plans to use the model to better understand how microbes, host factors and inflammatory markers interact to produce the hallmarks of inflammatory disease in the intestine.
"It's crucial to understand the gut bacteria and this interplay," said Dawson. "At the moment, there are no consistent patterns amongst people who have IBD and those who don't."
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