In 1865, French physician Paul Broca noted that among patients with brain damage, only those with the left frontal lobe affected had speech difficulties. This is the first time that functional asymmetry has been observed between the two hemispheres. Much research followed to try to identify the "dominant" hemisphere for various brain functions, but without global investigation of lateralization.
That was until the recent research by Michel Thiebaut de Schotten, a CNRS researcher at the Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (AP-HP/CNRS/INSERM/Sorbonne Université), and his colleagues at the University of Padua, Italy. Using functional MRI data collected worldwide for more than 15 years, they have produced the first global map of cerebral function lateralization.
The researchers have identified four groups of extremely lateralized functions using common cerebral regions: symbolic communication (where we find language, reading and calculation, for example) very much on the left; the perception/action and emotions groups on the right and decision-making, which is in the right frontal lobe area. The last point is completely innovative. No team had previously described asymmetry between hemispheres for decision-making.
In addition, this study answered a problematic question on connections between hemispheres: are the very lateralized regions not substantially connected with the other hemisphere so that information is processed faster, or on the contrary are they very connected so that they influence and dominate the opposite hemisphere in some cases? The researchers' map shows that the more lateralized the function, the less it establishes connections with the other hemisphere, so validating the hypothesis that to be more efficient, a function's dominant hemisphere is not highly connected with the other side.
This discovery also validates the idea that brain functions became lateralized as the brain got larger, to optimize information processing. This optimization occurred at the expense of another evolutionary advantage though: functional recovery after brain damage. Because of reduced connections between hemispheres, it is harder for the undamaged hemisphere to compensate for the lost functions.
The researchers will now continue this work by studying variations in function lateralization between individuals and testing for example whether high lateralization for a function in one person causes different lateralization for other functions.
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