Researchers have synthesized a tiny structure from 32 gold atoms. This nanocluster has a core of 12 gold atoms surrounded by a shell of 20 additional gold atoms. As the scientists report in the journal Angewandte Chemie, the unusual stability of this cluster results from electronic interactions with amido and phosphine ligands bound to its surface.
Aggregates of a few metal atoms, known as clusters, are increasingly used in catalysis, bioscience, and nanotechnology. Since the discovery of a pyramidal structure of 20 gold atoms, “golden cages” have become a new class of clusters with unusual structural properties. It was predicted that a cluster of 32 gold atoms should be very stable and would structurally resemble C60 fullerene. C60 is a hollow sphere made of 60 carbon atoms arranged into a structure of 5- and 6-membered rings, just like the facets of a traditional soccer ball. “Golden fullerenes” are predicted to have a broad spectrum of potential uses, including as transporters, molecular labels, and catalysts.
A team led by Jun Li and Quan-Ming Wang (Tsinghua University, Beijing, China) has now achieved a synthesis of a nanocluster made of 32 gold atoms in solution. The synthesis involved the direct reduction of gold-containing precursors. The formula of the compound is [Au32(Ph3P)8(dpa)6]+[SbF6−]2 (where dpa = 2,2’-bipyridylamido ligand and Ph3P = triphenylphosphine ligand). The structure consists of an arrangement of 12 gold atoms in a cage of 20 gold atoms—described as Au12@Au20—that is protected by eight Ph3P and six dpa ligands bound to the surface. With a combination of analytical methods and computer calculations, the scientists were able to completely determine the structure: its geometry, its chemical bonding relationships, and its electronic structure.
The “golden core” of the new cluster compound is a hollow icosahedron (a shape with 20 triangular faces) made of 12 gold atoms surrounded by a “shell” of 20 gold atoms in the form of a dodecahedron (a shape with 12 pentagonal faces). The bonds between the shell and core are very strong. The eight Ph3P ligands are bound to eight gold atoms of the shell, forming the corners of a cube. The dpa ligands are arranged so that their midpoints form the corners of an octahedron. They are not bound through their amido groups, but instead through the two nitrogen atoms in their two aromatic rings, which each bridge two gold atoms.
The researchers stated:
The geometric and electronic structures of the gold cluster depend very strongly on interactions with the ligands, as confirmed by our quantum chemical studies. The dpa ligands in particular ensure the effective stabilization of the gold nanocluster. We anticipate that a rich variety of coinage-metal nanoclusters can be generated with the protection of amido ligands.”
Andreas Schnepf and co-workers from the University of Tübingen (Germany), Howard University (Washington, D.C., USA), and the University of Missouri, Kansas City (USA) independently reported the synthesis of a cluster consisting of 32 gold atoms. This study was submitted to the journal Angewandte Chemie shortly before the work of the Chinese team was received. Their simple synthetic route yielded a compound of the formula Au32(R3P)12Cl8 (where R = ethyl, n-propyl, or n-butyl group), also with a Au32 cluster kernel. In this case, eight chloride ions and twelve phosphine ligands each equipped with three short alkyl chains (R3P) are bound to the surface. The researchers observed that the gold icosahedron as well as the gold dodecahedron are slightly distorted. The distortion results from the electronic structure and the electrical field within the cluster core (Jahn-Teller effect) as quantum-chemical calculations showed. The length of the alkyl chains did not influence the structure of the cluster.
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