New, previously unknown form of familial cold urticaria discovered

Reviewed by Emily Henderson, B.Sc.Apr 27 2020

Skin rash combined with head and joint pain: these are the symptoms which patients with familial (hereditary) cold urticaria develop when exposed to temperatures below 15 °C. Researchers from Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin have discovered a new, previously unknown form of this inflammatory skin disorder. In addition to explaining why conventional treatments are ineffective in some people with the disorder, their findings also point to potential alternatives. The results of this research have been published in Nature Communications.

When exposure to cold temperatures causes itchy hives to appear on the skin, this is referred to as cold urticaria. In many people, this disorder will develop suddenly, but gradually lessen and disappear again after a number of years. Why it appears at all remains unknown. A small proportion of sufferers inherit the disorder from their parents. In these people, the immune system response to cold temperatures is due to a genetic defect which, in addition to a skin rash, will cause signs of systemic inflammation, including fever and joint pain. Researchers led by PD Dr. Karoline Krause of the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology on Campus Charité Mitte have now discovered a new form of cold urticaria which is caused by a previously unknown mutation in the 'Factor 12' gene. The name proposed for this new hereditary disorder is 'Factor XII-associated cold autoinflammatory syndrome', or FACAS.

Our report relates to several members of the same family seen in our department. At least one person in each generation of this family reported identical symptoms, which they had suffered from birth. These individuals all developed a burning skin rash after 30 minutes of exposure to temperatures below 15°C (59°F). The rash was exacerbated by windy weather and humid conditions, and only resolved several hours after the individual returned to a warmer room."

PD Dr. Karoline Krause of the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology on Campus Charité Mitte

The patients also reported other symptoms like chills, fatigue, headache and joint pain. In contrast to people who develop cold urticaria spontaneously, these patients did not respond to a cold provocation test known as the 'ice cube test'. Their symptoms also failed to respond to antihistamines, which are normally an effective treatment for cold urticaria. "The family's symptoms were clearly indicative of a hereditary form of cold urticaria," says the dermatologist. "We therefore studied the affected individual's genetic information, looking for mutations which are known to cause the disorder's hereditary form; but to no avail. What we found instead was a previously unknown defect in the Factor 12 gene."

The researchers were then able to show that this defect leads to the activation of the contact system pathway, and that the hives are produced as a result of the subsequent release of inflammatory mediators. "Interestingly, defects in the Factor 12 gene had previously been known to cause a very different condition which we refer to as hereditary angioedema," explains PD Dr. Krause. Hereditary angioedema is characterized by sudden attacks of severe and painful swelling in the deeper tissues. "While the symptoms reported by FACAS patients are those of hereditary cold urticaria, the underlying mechanisms causing these symptoms are entirely different. These patients therefore qualify for treatment with drugs normally used in hereditary angioedema." Interestingly, one of the FACAS patients showed an immediate response when given icatibant, a drug normally used to treat acute attacks of hereditary angioedema. Upon administration, the patient's cold-induced symptoms resolved quickly and almost completely.

The study's findings could help researchers discover the causes of currently unexplained cases: people with hereditary cold urticaria of unknown origin, in whom conventional drugs such as antihistamines are ineffective, can undergo genetic testing for FACAS. "We also plan to conduct a small clinical study in order to test whether lanadelumab can provide long-term relief in our group of adult FACAS patients," explains the study's lead investigator. Lanadelumab is a type of antibody which is primarily used as a preventive long-term treatment in hereditary angioedema.