Bipolar disorder patients experiencing manic episodes likely to show abnormal brain changes

Reviewed by Emily Henderson, B.Sc.Sep 29 2021

Patients with bipolar disorder who experience manic episodes are more likely to show abnormal brain changes over time, according to one of the largest longitudinal brain imaging studies in its field to date. The study, led by researchers at Karolinska Institutet and the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, also confirms links between bipolar disorder and accelerated brain ventricle enlargement. The findings are published online in the journal Biological Psychiatry.

Bipolar disorder is a psychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. Previous imaging studies have found structural abnormalities in some regions of the brain of bipolar patients. These abnormalities include lower cortical thickness compared with healthy individuals. The cortex, the outer layer of the brain, shrinks naturally as people age but accelerated cortical thinning has been linked to various brain diseases.

Most previous neuroimaging studies on bipolar disorder have been small and cross-sectional in design, meaning they captured only one snapshot in time. Thus, there has been a lack of large-scale studies that have examined brain changes over time.

In this study, the researchers overcame those shortcomings by collecting magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 14 research centers worldwide to examine changes in the brain over a period of up to nine years. The study involved 1,232 individuals, including 307 bipolar disorder patients and 925 healthy controls.

Changes in prefrontal cortex

The researchers found a correlation between the number of manic episodes and the degree of cortical brain changes that occurred during the investigated period: While more manic episodes were related to faster cortical thinning, patients who experienced no episodes showed either no changes or even increases in cortical thickness. These changes were most evident in the prefrontal cortex, which is central for emotion regulation, planning, decision-making, impulse control, and other important cognitive functions.

"The fact that cortical thinning in patients related to manic episodes stresses the importance of treatment to prevent mood episodes and is important information for psychiatrists," says Professor Mikael Landén at the Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet. "Researchers should focus on better understanding the progressive mechanisms at play in bipolar disorder to ultimately improve treatment options."

When comparing patients with bipolar disorder and healthy individuals, the changes over time significantly differed in three brain regions: the ventricles - cavities that produce cerebrospinal fluid important for the brain's protection - and two areas linked to recognition and memory: the fusiform and the parahippocampal cortex. While bipolar patients showed faster enlargements of the brain's ventricles than the control group, they in fact displayed on average slower thinning of the fusiform and parahippocampal cortical regions.

Signs of neuroprogressive disorder

"The abnormal ventricle enlargements and importantly the associations between cortical thinning and manic symptoms indicate that bipolar disorder may in fact be a neuroprogressive disorder, which could explain the worsening of bipolar symptoms in some patients," says corresponding author Christoph Abé, a researcher at the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet. "It is important to clarify this in the future and to identify the exact causes in order to prevent mood episodes and the impact they may have on the brain."

The researchers note that the finding of slower cortical thinning in some brain areas of bipolar patients could potentially be explained by so-called flooring effects, as bipolar disorder patients usually show lower cortical thickness than healthy individuals to start with. Another possible explanation is that this finding reflects structural improvements due to treatment effects, such as neuroprotective effects attributed to lithium medication. Hence, the brain changes observed in this study may not necessarily reflect changes that occur during the natural course of bipolar disorder if left untreated.