Amino acid valine plays a key role in the growth of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Reviewed by Emily Henderson, B.Sc.Dec 22 2021

A molecular building block of many animal proteins, the amino acid valine, plays a key role in cancerous growth seen in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, a new study shows.

Led by researchers at NYU Langone Health, its Department of Pathology, and the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, the study showed that genes involved in using up valine in cells were more active in cancerous T cells than in normal T cells.

Blocking these valine-linked genes not only led to decreased valine in leukemia blood T cells, but also stalled these tumor cells from growing in the lab. Only 2 percent of cancerous T cells remained alive.

Further, experiments suggested that changes, or mutations, in the DNA code of the gene NOTCH1, the most common seen in patients who develop leukemia, encourage cancer growth in part by increasing valine levels.

Published online December 22 in the journal Nature, the research involved experiments in human leukemia cells grown in the lab and also transplanted into mice that then develop this cancer, which has its origins in white blood cells in the bone marrow.

Further experiments showed that feeding the leukemic mice low-valine diets for three weeks interrupted tumor growth. The diet also reduced circulating blood cancer cells by at least half and in some cases to undetectable levels. By contrast, re-introduction of valine to the diets led to cancer progression.

Our study confirms that T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia is absolutely dependent on a supply of valine and that valine deficiency can stall this cancer's progression."

Palaniraja Thandapani, PhD, study co-lead investigator, postdoctoral fellow, NYU Grossman School of Medicine and its Perlmutter Cancer Center

The research team has plans next year to test whether diets low in valine-rich foods, such as meat, fish, and beans, are an effective treatment in people with the cancer. Low-valine diets are readily available, Dr. Thandapani says, as they are already being used to treat acid imbalances in the body tied to genetic disorders that affect gut metabolism.

Senior study investigator Iannis Aifantis, PhD, says the trial design would likely combine diet therapy with venetoclax, a drug already approved for use in the United States for most other types of leukemia.

Drug combination is important, he says, because such dietary restrictions are not likely sustainable in the long term. This is due to the known potential for muscle wasting and brain damage from prolonged valine deficiency.

"Our clinical approach would involve using low-valine diets to shrink the number of T cells with acute lymphoblastic leukemia to a level so low that drugs could then effectively stall cancer progression," says Dr. Aifantis, the Hermann M. Biggs Professor and chair of the Department of Pathology at NYU Grossman School of Medicine and Perlmutter Cancer Center.

Dr. Aifantis says many basic cell building blocks, including proteins, nucleotides, and fatty acids, are needed for cancer to grow and spread. At least half a dozen other amino acids, especially high levels of lysine, have been implicated in cancers, but their precise roles remain unknown. He cautions that dietary strategies alone for treating cancer have been tried for decades with little scientific evidence of any benefit. He says more research is needed, including the team's planned clinical trial, before any treatment guidelines can be recommended.

The American Cancer Society estimates that more than 1,500 Americans, mostly children, die each year from T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Another 5,000 will be newly diagnosed. This type of cancer accounts for roughly one-quarter of all leukemias.

Funding support for the study was provided by National Institutes of Health grants P30CA016087, P01 CA229086, and R01 CA228135; the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society; the New York State Department of Health's NYSTEM program; and the American Association for Cancer Research Incyte Leukemia Research Fellowship.

Dr. Aifantis is a consultant for Foresite Labs, a healthcare investment firm based in San Francisco that has financial interests in the development of leukemia therapies. Study co-investigator Aristotelis Tsirigos, PhD, serves as a scientific advisor to Intelligencia.AI in New York City, a software company that applies machine learning to cancer drug development. The terms of these arrangements are being managed in accordance with the policies of NYU Langone.

Besides Dr. Thandapani, Dr. Aifantis, and Dr. Tsirigos, other NYU Langone researchers involved in the study are study co-lead investigators Andreas Kloetgen, Matthew Witkowski, and Christina Glytsou; and study co-investigators Anna Lee, Eric Wang, Jingjing Wang, Sarah LeBoeuf, Kleopatra Avrampou, and Thales Y. Papagiannakopoulos.