In a recent study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, researchers presented the findings of the ongoing KidCOVE trial in the United States (US).
Study: Evaluation of mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Children 6 Months to 5 Years of Age. Image Credit: myboys.me / Shutterstock
Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)vaccines, including mRNA-1273, have shown a favorable safety profile and efficacy in adults, adolescents, and older children aged six-to-11 years. Hence, they received emergency use authorization (EUA) from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June 2022 for people aged six months to 17 years. Subsequently, the KidCOVE trial evaluated the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the mRNA-1273 vaccine in young children aged six months to five years.
Despite vaccine efficacy loss against some Omicron sub-variants, mRNA-1273 vaccination prevents COVID-19-related hospitalization and death. In the US, these incidents surpassed annual influenza-related hospitalization and death rates in children younger than five years between October 2020 and September 2021. There is an urgent need for a safe and effective vaccine for infants, toddlers, and young kids.
About the study
In the present study, researchers described the findings of an ongoing mRNA-1273 vaccine trial (KidCOVE) in the US. The team recruited healthy children at 79 and eight sites in the US and Canada, respectively, between April 2021 and June 2021. They stratified all the eligible children into three age cohorts six to 11 years, two to five years, and six to 23 months.
The first phase involved testing the 25-μg and 50-μg doses of the mRNA-1273 vaccine in children two to five years of age and children six to 23 months of age, respectively. The team administered two doses of the mRNA-1273 vaccine or saline placebo intramuscularly 28 days apart. They selected a 25-μg dose for evaluation in all children for phase II of the trial based on a review of its safety and immunogenicity. In phase II, the team first randomly assigned children aged six months to five in a 3:1 ratio to receive two 25 μg doses of mRNA-1273 or placebo, administered 28 days apart.
The team monitored and solicited local and systemic adverse reactions within seven days after each vaccination in the study phases. The primary study objective was the determination of the safety and reactogenicity of mRNA-1273. The secondary objective was to determine the incidence of COVID-19 in recipients of the vaccine or placebo.
Study findings
The trial population comprised 239 children, of which 224 and 150 belonged to the two to five years and six to 23 months age cohorts, respectively. In trial phase II, the researchers analyzed 3040 and 1762 children in age group(s), two to five years and six to 23 months, respectively. While these children received two 25-μg mRNA-1273 doses, 1,008 and 593 children in the same age groups randomly received the placebo. The median duration of study follow-up after the second vaccination was 71 and 68 days in age group(s), two to five years and six to 23 months, respectively.
A 25 μg two-dose regimen of mRNA-1273 elicited similar immune responses in children six months to five years of age as higher doses of this vaccine in older children, adolescents, and adults. In addition, vaccine efficacy against COVID-19 was lower than in previous mRNA-1273 trials conducted before the emergence of Omicron. Furthermore, this dosage elicited transient, mild-to-moderate reactogenicity in phase II of this trial in both age cohorts.
Nearly 23% of children in both age cohorts experienced fever after either mRNA-1273 vaccination. A few children experienced grade 4 fevers (>40.0°C). However, there were no serious adverse events, such as myocarditis, pericarditis, or death. Overall, there were no safety issues before or through the analysis-cutoff date. Lastly, mRNA-1273 vaccination elicited adequate serum-neutralizing antibody concentrations in these younger children, similar to what a 100-μg two doses of mRNA-1273 triggered in adults.
Furthermore, the mRNA-1273 vaccine triggered an immune response that met the noninferiority criteria for both age cohorts. At day 57, neutralizing antibody geometric mean concentrations were 1,410 and 1,781 in two-to-five-year-olds and six-to-23-month-olds, respectively. For young adults who received a 100-μg mRNA-1273 dose, the antibody geometric mean concentrations were lower and attained a value of 1,391 only.
Conclusions
During the period of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron predominance in the US, the primary vaccination with 25-μg of mRNA-1273 was favorable in young children. Its efficacy against COVID-19 was 36.8% and 50.6% in two to five-year-olds and six to 23 months old, respectively. Thankfully, clinical trials assessing the long-term effectiveness of mRNA-1273 will continue even after its authorization. All active and passive safety surveillance will continue to detect new safety signals concerning mRNA-1273 post-authorization use.
Journal reference:
- Evaluation of mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Children 6 Months to 5 Years of Age, Evan J. Anderson, C. Buddy Creech, Vladimir Berthaud, Arin Piramzadian, Kimball A. Johnson, Marcus Zervos, Fredric Garner, Carl Griffin, Khozema Palanpurwala, Mark Turner, Jeffrey Gerber, Richard L. Bennett, et al., for the KidCOVE Study Group, NEJM 2022, DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2209367, https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2209367
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