Inhaled fluticasone furoate falls flat in speeding up COVID-19 recovery, says ACTIV-6 trial

By Neha MathurReviewed by Susha Cheriyedath, M.Sc.Sep 21 2023

In a recent article published in the New England Journal of Medicine, researchers presented the findings of an ongoing double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled platform-protocol clinical trial, Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV-6).

Study: Inhaled Fluticasone Furoate for Outpatient Treatment of Covid-19. Image Credit: ktsdesign / Shutterstock

Background

The need for more effective oral antiviral therapies to prevent progression to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is ongoing as COVID-19 vaccination rates are variable (not equitable) globally, and availability of drugs is limited, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Randomized trials have investigated the therapeutic effects of several repurposed drugs for COVID-19, e.g., dexamethasone, and some inhaled glucocorticoids, such as budesonide and ciclesonide; however, most fetched inconsistent results.

The sample size of five trials of inhaled glucocorticoids ranged from 146 to 2530 participants, predominantly unvaccinated persons. Even though these trials reported a substantial benefit of budesonide use over placebo, their results remained conflicting, and that is why regulatory authorities do not recommend inhaled glucocorticoid therapy as an early intervention to combat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

About the study

In the ACTIV-6 trial, researchers enrolled eligible outpatients (non-hospitalized, aged ≥30 years) with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-confirmed mild-to-moderate COVID-19 between August 6, 2021, and February 9, 2022, from 91 sites in the United States of America (USA). 

They investigated the treatment effects of inhaled fluticasone furoate, a repurposed COVID-19 drug that is four times more potent than budesonide and has more receptor affinity than the propionate ester. 

The team randomly assigned all the enrolled participants to receive a once-daily dosing of 200 μg inhaled fluticasone furoate for 14 days or placebo and monitored time to sustained recovery, defined as three days in series without symptoms. Other study outcomes were hospitalization/death by day 28 and the need for emergency department (ED) or urgent-care (UC) visits in the same timeframe.

Since the ACTIV-6 trial began and is ongoing in the post-COVID-19 vaccine era, its participants mainly represented individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2's Delta and Omicron (BA.1.1) variants. All these individuals presented at least two symptoms of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection at least seven days before enrollment.

The team used a Bayesian proportional hazards model for primary outcome analysis. They set decision thresholds and other analysis variables to balance overall statistical power and control the type I error rate. Accordingly, a hazard ratio (HR) of more than one indicates the benefit and efficacy of the intervention.

They also created the modified intention-to-treat population for the primary analyses encompassing all participants who received the trial drug. A safety population, a subset of the modified intention-to-treat population, included individuals who took at least one dose of the trial drug or placebo.

Likewise, the team analyzed secondary outcomes with Bayesian regression models but did not use them for formal decision-making. Finally, they assessed heterogeneity in treatment effect in prespecified subgroups and for covariates, such as age, gender, body mass index (BMI), symptom severity, and durations.

Results

The researchers assigned 715 and 692 participants to receive inhaled fluticasone furoate and placebo, respectively; however, the final analytical set had 656 and 621 participants in these two study groups. The average time lapsed from symptom onset to receipt of inhaled fluticasone furoate or placebo was five days. Notably, 65% of the study participants had received at least two COVID-19 vaccine doses. 

In the modified intention-to-treat population, the primary outcome of time-to-sustained recovery between the drug and placebo recipients was comparable, with an HR of 1.01. Likewise, both groups fared similarly with respect to secondary outcomes assessed through day 28 in this study.

Even though no deaths occurred and hospitalizations were rare (0.5% in each group), healthcare visits increased with inhaled fluticasone furoate therapy compared to placebo (3.2% versus 1.6%), indicating this treatment was unfavorable for COVID-19.

Furthermore, the authors noted differential treatment effects for vaccination status but not for time to recovery with fluticasone furoate (vs. placebo) with regard to study covariates. Among 845 vaccinated participants, those in the fluticasone furoate group showed faster recovery than those in the placebo group (HR=1.10), while the opposite was true for unvaccinated participants receiving fluticasone furoate.

Conclusions

Overall, treatment with inhaled fluticasone furoate at a daily dose of 200 μg for 14 days did not show a clinically relevant effect on outpatients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 compared to a placebo. More importantly, it did not prevent the clinical progression of COVID-19; however, this trial is still ongoing.