Cockroaches provide clues to understanding immune system during pregnancy

University of CincinnatiOct 20 2023

Researchers are studying the dramatic physical transformation that some insects undergo to give birth to live young.

This includes suppressing their immune systems to accommodate babies, which is something some insects and people have in common. Understanding how these systems work can help improve treatments for fibromyalgia and other immune disorders.

Biologists at the University of Cincinnati were part of an international team examining the complex structural and physiological changes that take place in Hawaii's beetle-mimic cockroaches, which give birth to live young.

"It's not just immunology," co-author and UC College of Arts and Sciences Professor Joshua Benoit said.

Biologists see similar changes in the insect's trachea, its immune system and the outer layer of its exoskeleton called a cuticle, which transforms to make room for the babies.

The study was published in the journal iScience.

Cockroach mothers not only incubate their babies until they are the equivalent size of a 2-year-old human toddler, but they also feed them a milk-like nutrient they produce through secretory glands.

Nature has devised a myriad of reproductive strategies across the animal kingdom, said Bertrand Fouks, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Muenster and the study's lead author. From birds and reptiles to fish, lots of animals lay eggs. In mammals, egg laying is limited to echidnas, sometimes known as spiny anteaters, and the platypus.

The beetle-mimic cockroach is one of the rare insects which has developed a complex structure to host the growing embryo similar to placenta in mammals, which made it a perfect model to investigate the evolution of live-birth."

Bertrand Fouks, postdoctoral fellow, University of Muenster

Beetle-mimic cockroaches have big advantages compared to those that hatch from eggs, Benoit said. Tinier babies that hatch from eggs are exposed to the elements where they're vulnerable to far more parasites and predators and must immediately find food on their own.

"The class of predators really narrows when you give birth to live young," Benoit said.

But live births require a far bigger parental commitment.

"It's a pretty big investment. They can produce 10 juveniles per reproductive cycle compared to 70 to 150 eggs for other roaches," Benoit said. "So their strategy is to produce fewer higher-quality individuals compared to more individuals with less investment."

Researchers sequenced the genome of the Pacific beetle-mimic cockroach, the only roach that gives birth to live young. They performed comparative analysis with tsetse flies and aphids, which do likewise, to unravel the genomic basis underlying this transition from laying eggs to birthing babies.

They found that the biological changes that allow beetle mimic cockroaches to give birth to live young are similar to those found in aphids and tsetse flies, demonstrating convergent evolution, Benoit said.

Whether it's a cow, a lizard or a roach, all undergo remarkably similar urinary and genital organ remodeling, enhanced heart development and altered immunity to accommodate their growing babies, the study found.

Researchers are interested in the link between our immune system and pregnancy. Women are less susceptible to infectious diseases but are far more likely than men to have autoimmune disorders such as lupus.

Benoit said some genes dealing with the immune system are down-regulated (the process of reducing or suppressing a response to a stimulus) during pregnancy. That can explain why some women who suffer from autoimmune disorders might see symptoms go away during pregnancy.

Benoit said they see similar effects in the cockroaches.

"These changes may facilitate structural and physiological changes to accommodate developing young and protect them from the mother's immune system," he said.