Measuring airborne grass allergen levels could be key to controlling hay fever symptoms

King's College LondonJan 8 2024

Measuring airborne grass allergen levels instead of pollen counts will be more beneficial for hay fever sufferers as new research shows grass allergen levels are more consistently associated with hay fever symptoms than grass pollen counts.

The research, published today in The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and led by King's College London and Imperial College London, shows for the first time that measuring airborne allergen levels will help people with hay fever better control their symptoms.

1 in 4 adults in the UK suffer from hay fever from late-March to September. Symptoms include a runny or blocked nose, sneezing and coughing and itchy, red or watery eyes. Hay fever can make lung conditions such as asthma worse, causing wheezing and breathing difficulties which can lead to hospitalisation.

Many people with hay fever monitor peak pollen times to manage their symptoms. In the UK, pollen grains are manually measured to find the daily pollen count. But authors of this study say measuring allergen levels instead will be more accurate as each pollen grain can release a different amount of allergen each day, and it is the allergens in the air that are primarily responsible for causing hay fever symptoms. Currently, there is no regular monitoring of allergen levels in the UK or elsewhere.

Authors collected daily symptom and medication scores from adult participants in an allergy clinical trial as well as daily counts of asthma hospital admissions in London. They measured grass pollen counts and but also sampled air for the grass pollen Phl p 5 grass allergen protein in the same location at King's College London over the same time period.

Grass pollen is the most common hay fever trigger. In this study, we measured grass allergen (Phl p 5) levels and found this was more consistently associated with allergic respiratory symptoms than grass pollen counts."

Dr. Elaine Fuertes, first author from Imperial College London

Senior author Professor Stephen Till, from King's College London, said: "High pollen season can be serious for people who suffer with hay fever, and can trigger severe asthma attacks in those who are allergic to grass pollen. This study shows there is a superior way of measuring pollen allergens in the air than the traditional pollen count. Monitoring grass allergen instead of grass pollen counts gives results that are more consistently linked to patients' symptoms and could allow people with serious allergies to be better prepared during the pollen season."

Research is ongoing to see whether regular measurement of allergen levels can become the standard in the UK, and whether there are other environmental factors, such as meteorological factors including temperature, wind, humidity, and air pollutants, that influence how much allergen each pollen grain releases.