Smell relies more on predictions than sight or hearing

Stockholm UniversityApr 5 2024

The sense of smell is highly influenced by the cues from other senses, while the sense of sight and hearing are affected to a much lesser extent, shows a new study in Journal of Neuroscience.

A popular theory of the brain holds that its main function is to predict what will happen next, so it reacts mostly to unexpected events. Most research on this topic, called predictive coding, has only focused on what we see, but no one knows if the different senses, such as smell, work in the same way.

To figure out more about how smell relates to how we handle different sensory impressions, the researchers conducted a study with three experiments, two behavioral experiments, and one experiment using the brain imaging method fMRI at Stockholm University Brain Imaging Centre (SUBIC).

The main finding is that smelling was much more dependent on predictions than vision was. This is interesting because many people think that smell is primitive and reactive, when our research shows it is in fact quite sophisticated and proactive."

Stephen Pierzchajlo, PhD Student at the Department of Psychology, and main author of the study

The study shows how important it is for our different senses to be able to use correct cues when we classify different sensory impressions.

"We have all experienced that we react to when an unexpected smell appears, for example when we enter someone's flat and encounter a new smell. Our research shows that the sense of smell is highly influenced by the cues from other senses, while the sense of sight and hearing are affected to a much lesser extent," says Jonas Olofsson, professor at the Department of Psychology, and co-author of the study.

The researchers also show that when the brain tries to identify odors that it had not expected, both the olfactory and visual brains are activated, despite the absence of visual cues in the task.

"The olfactory brain thus has a completely unique way of processing smells and it is about whether the smells are expected or not. The sense of smell warns us of smells that we had not expected, and engages the visual brain, perhaps to be able to see what it is that smells. It's a smart function because we humans are so bad at recognizing smells if we don't get clues," says Jonas Olofsson.

In the experiments, participants listened to spoken word cues, such as "lemon", and then received a picture or smell, and participants quickly decided whether it matched with the cue, for example with a lemon picture or smell, or did not match, for example with a rose picture or smell.

"We noticed that overall, the expected pictures and smells led to quicker decisions, which fits well with predictive coding theory. We used the difference in response speed to compare the senses with each other – a bigger delay for unexpected stimuli means that the sense relies more on predictions," says Stephen Pierzchajlo. 

The study is the first concluded part of his PhD research.

"The human sense of smell is not a reactive, but a proactive sense. It uses a unique brain strategy to process unexpected smells in order to understand what the smells are," says Stephen Pierzchajlo. 

Facts about the study

• Three experiments were conducted in the study, two behavioral experiments and one fMRI-experiment using the brain imaging method fMRI at Stockholm University Brain Imaging Centre (SUBIC).
• Sixty-nine participants completed the first behavioral experiment. Fifty participants completed the second behavioral study.
• For the fMRI-experiment, data for 15 participants were first collected and analyzed. Then, 32 healthy volunteers participated in the fMRI portion of the study.
• In all three experiments, the reseachers used a set of four familiar stimuli (lavender, lilac, lemon and pear) that were repeatedly presented as smells, pictures or spoken words, in order to achieve high and comparable accuracy rates and thus unbiased response-time assessments.