Understanding the impact of blood glucose levels on birth complications in gestational diabetes

The higher the blood sugar level in pregnant women when first diagnosed with diabetes, the higher the risk of complications around and after birth, according to research presented at the 26th European Congress of Endocrinology in Stockholm. For every 5mg/L above the diagnosis threshold, the risk of newborns having low blood sugar levels, or a large birth weight, rises by 9% and 6%, accordingly, while mothers have a 31% higher risk of diabetes after birth. The findings suggest that high-risk women with gestational diabetes should be classified further to limit these complications for both mothers and newborns.

Gestational diabetes -; a condition in which women have elevated blood sugar, or glucose, levels during pregnancy -; affects around 20 million pregnancies worldwide and poses increased health risks for both mothers and their babies. For example, mothers are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes and to give birth to especially large babies who face a high risk of birth injuries or even obesity later in life. Women are diagnosed with gestational diabetes if their fasting (pre-meal) blood glucose levels are above 92 mg/dL in the first trimester or their 2-hour oral post-meal glucose levels (OGTT) in the second trimester is above 153 mg/dL.

In this study, researchers from the Tâmega e Sousa Hospital Center in Portugal analyzed data on blood sugar levels and birth complications of 6,927 pregnant women, aged 30-37 years old, who carried one child and were diagnosed with gestational diabetes between 2012 and 2017. The researchers found that for every 5mg/L increase in their blood sugar levels, there was a 9% higher risk of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and a 6% higher risk of large birth weight (large for gestational age) in newborns and a 31% higher risk of maternal high blood levels (hyperglycemia) after birth.

While it is not surprising that high glucose levels are associated with these adverse outcomes in mothers and newborns, our study shows for the first time how much increase in risk there is with 5 mg/dL of increase in the mother's blood glucose levels when first diagnosed with gestational diabetes."

Dr. Catarina Cidade-Rodrigues, co-lead researcher 

Dr Cidade-Rodrigues continued: "The magnitude of elevated risk can be calculated with our measurements and, in practice, could be used to identify and stratify women at higher risk of developing these complications."

"We now want to evaluate if there is a benefit in further stratifying these high-risk women with gestational diabetes, who will need to be more closely monitored and to whom pharmacological interventions can be carried out appropriately. This may help reduce complications during labor and in newborns and prevent future diabetes in these women."