Ever since researchers devised a recipe for turning adult cells into cells that look and act like embryonic stem cells, there has been lingering doubt in the field about just how close to embryonic stem cells each of those cell lines really is at a molecular and functional level. Now, researchers reporting in the February 4th issue of the journal Cell, a Cell Press publication, have developed a systematic way to lay those doubts about quality to rest.
They have devised a method to quickly and comprehensively characterize those cells using a series of genomic assays, ultimately assigning a scorecard to each. The effort has also yielded genome-wide reference maps detailing the epigenetic and gene expression landscapes for several of the so-called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) and embryonic stem cell lines that can now be used for comparison by anyone studying an iPS or embryonic cell line. (Epigenetics refers to chemical modifications to DNA that can alter the expression of genes without changing the underlying sequence.)
The advance is critical for the future use of iPS cells in the study of disease, for cell-based drug screening and as a renewable source of cells for transplantation medicine, the researchers say. Overall, the news is quite positive.
"The exciting thing is that this tells us something fundamental about what these cells are," said Kevin Eggan of Harvard University and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. "It appears that the version 1.0 reprogramming technology is actually pretty good."
In a careful comparison of 20 previously derived human embryonic stem cell lines and 12 human iPS cell lines, the new method does turn up some variation. But the variation observed for many iPS cell lines falls within that seen for embryonic stem cells as well. It appears that the quality of many of those iPS cell lines is high, depending in part on what they might be used for.
"There are different grades of quality," said Alexander Meissner of the Broad Institute and Harvard University. "A particular line might be bad for one purpose but great for an alternative one. This gives us a more refined view."
"Beauty will be in the eye of the beholder," Eggan added. Certain lines might be really good at making one type of tissue, but not as good for making another. Now researchers will have a more accessible way to make that determination reliably without having to rely on guesswork.
Eggan and Meissner report that they were able to assess the similarities and differences among lines and to use those assessments to determine which lines should be avoided for a particular purpose. They were also able to predict the efficiency with which a given iPS cell line used in an independent study would differentiate into motor neurons.
There are methods for assessing iPS cell quality today, but those are rather time consuming and would not be suitable as iPS cell technology is scaled up for broader use. The gold standard assay today involves injecting cells into an immune compromised mouse and allowing those cells to grow and divide for one to three months to see whether they successfully differentiate into all the cell types. "It takes months and it's fairly subjective," Meissner said.
The new method takes just one or two weeks to complete and is much more quantitative. It's possible the assays could be made to go even faster, the researchers said, particularly if industry were to devise a user-friendly kit. Ultimately, this series of assays or other methods along the same lines might be used clinically.
In addition to its practical use for selecting the best cells for a particular task, the findings and scoring method will also offer new insights into the cells themselves, the researchers said.
"We can begin to get to the bottom of the differences among cell lines and their root causes," Eggan said.
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