Five UCLA researchers were part of an international team that has used X-rays to reveal the structure of a molecule that is toxic to disease-carrying mosquitoes. The findings move the scientific world one step closer to genetically engineering a toxin that would be lethal to species that carry dengue fever and the Zika virus.
Nearly half of the world's population is at risk of contracting malaria, a life-threatening disease transmitted by mosquitoes. Chemical insecticides are often a first line of defense against mosquitoes, but their application can result in both environmental pollution and resistance to the pesticide.
Countries around the globe have recently begun killing mosquito larvae using a natural toxin derived from bacteria. Now, UCLA scientists and their collaborators have used X-rays to determine the atomic structure of this larvicide, which is lethal to mosquitoes transmitting malaria and West Nile virus. These results reveal how the toxin functions, knowledge that will inform future efforts to genetically engineer it to also kill mosquitoes carrying Zika virus and dengue fever. The research was published in the journal Nature.
"This is a chance to have a positive effect on a lot of the world's population," said senior author David Eisenberg, UCLA's Paul D. Boyer Professor of Molecular Biology and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator.
Eisenberg and his colleagues studied the larvicide known as BinAB, which is produced by soil-dwelling bacteria. The bacteria pack BinAB into tiny crystals, thousands of which could be stacked across the head of a pin. When these crystals are scattered into the watery environments that mosquitos thrive in, hungry mosquito larvae eat them. But the meal turns out to be a deadly one.
As the crystals pass through the larvae's digestive tract, the gut juices of the larvae trigger the crystals to dissolve. The BinAB toxin is released, and its component molecules -- called BinA and BinB -- play distinct roles in entering the cells of the larvae's guts and killing the young mosquitoes within 48 hours.
BinAB is toxic to the Culex and Anopheles species of mosquitoes -- carriers of West Nile virus and malaria, respectively -- but currently is harmless to the Aedes species, the carriers of Zika virus and dengue fever.
"The toxin is this complex shape, and it has to fit with another shape on the intestine of the larvae," said Michael Sawaya, a staff scientist at UCLA involved in the study. "If the shapes don't match up precisely, the toxin cannot get in the cell. It's like a lock and key."
Researchers are interested in genetically engineering BinAB to also kill the larvae of Aedes mosquitoes, work that requires a detailed understanding of BinAB's atomic structure. However, the small size of the crystals containing BinAB has made it difficult for scientists to hold them securely in laboratory instruments for analysis.
The UCLA researchers and their colleagues, including Dr. Jacques-Phillippe Colletier, a former UCLA researcher now working at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, France, overcame this size limitation by harvesting crystals from a particular strain of soil-dwelling bacteria engineered to produce larger crystals. The scientists then studied the precise shape of the BinAB toxin within the crystals using an X-ray laser. Eisenberg and his colleagues bombarded the crystals with an X-ray laser invented by Claudio Pellegrini, UCLA professor emeritus of physics.
"When we shine X-rays on the crystals, the X-rays are scattered into thousands of X-ray beams," said Eisenberg, who is also a professor of chemistry, biochemistry and biological chemistry and a member of UCLA's California NanoSystems Institute. "These beams contain information about the arrangement of the atoms that make up BinA and BinB."
This type of X-ray laser has never before been used to study a sample with an unknown structure. "We can do entirely new types of experiments using these X-ray lasers," said co-author Jose Rodriguez, a UCLA assistant professor of chemistry and biochemistry.
"It would be hard to find a problem that could potentially affect the health of more people," Eisenberg said.
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