Cancer immunotherapy is an attractive and relatively newer method of treating cancer by enhancing the combat-readiness of the host immune system against cancer cells. It has succeeded with some refractory tumors. However, it doesn’t always work, and the question remains, why not?
CI Photos | Shutterstock
Researchers in this field have mostly examined the role played by CD8+ cells, a type of T lymphocyte which recognizes and eliminates cells in the body on which cancer antigens are found. A cancer antigen is an abnormal protein formed from a mutated gene.
In this process, the contribution of CD4+ T cells to the fight against cancer antigens was overlooked, but these cells have gained new importance following the publication of a study in Cell, on September 20.
The new study revolves around a bioinformatics-centered analysis of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), a molecular family found prominently on the surface of most of the cells in the body. There are two types of MHC molecules, namely, MHC-I and MHC-II.
These are concerned with presenting antigenic molecules from every type of antigen within the cell, whether belonging to the cell or not. Only then can these antigens be recognized by patrolling T cells. If they are “self” antigens, the T cells do not react to them. However, if the antigens are “foreign”, either from viruses, bacteria or oncoproteins, instant T cell-mediated killing of the infected or tumorous cell occurs.
MHC-I molecules are found on all cell surfaces. MHC-II molecules are found only on the surface of immune cells, like macrophages. These molecules are both more complex and able to bind antigens of a greater variety than can MHC-I molecules. The MHC-I and MHC-II molecules thus complement each other, making it less likely that a mutated cell will escape both systems.
The more we know about the ability of a person's immune system to clear cancer cells before they take hold, and the more we can combine that with other information about their inherited risk factors or environmental exposures, the better we may get at predicting a person's cancer susceptibility."
Study leader and senior author Hannah Carter, PhD, assistant professor of medicine at UC San Diego School of Medicine.
An older study by the same authors published in Cell had already revealed that a cancer antigen bound by an MHC-I molecule was unlikely to surface later in any tumor developed by that individual. This is because any antigen presented by the MHC-I system leads to the immediate elimination of that cell.
Conversely, if the MHC-I molecules cannot present a particular antigen, it escapes surveillance and may eventually be found in a tumor in that individual. The less the number of cancer antigens recognized by the MHC-I system, the higher is the individual’s risk of developing cancer at an earlier age.
This type of research could ultimately help to predict which type of cancer a person is at risk for, the probable tumor behavior and the potentially useful treatment methods, even before a tumor develops.
The current study focused on the specific importance of MHC-II in immune cancer surveillance. Using computational biology, researchers analyzed data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), which is a database set up by the National Institutes of Health containing information on the genomes of thousands of human tumors of many types.
They retrieved data on the MHC-II antigen-presenting capability for 1018 cancer antigens, in 5942 tumors, scoring the tumors accordingly. As expected, antigens recognized by a person’s MHC-II molecules were unlikely to be present in a tumor developing in that individual, and vice versa. This association was similar to that observed for MHC-I tumor antigen recognition, but even stronger.
The surprise was finding that unlike MHC-I antigen recognition, the number of cancer antigens presented by the MHC-II system does not affect the age at which cancer eventually develops, at least according to this very early study.
More research is needed, because MHC-II molecules are more complex and recognize a wider range of antigens. More advanced tools are also required. However, the authors hope to see increased interest in evolving personalized cancer immunotherapy based on both MHC-I and MHC-II antigen recognition data.
For instance, readouts of MHC-I and MHC-II antigen presenting profiles could explain why patients respond differently to the same immunotherapy, or help predict the individual’s reaction to treatment. This can avoid the use of ineffective therapies, and thus bring down the rate of potentially serious adverse reactions.
Bringing MHC into the big picture of cancer through genomic analysis is a powerful new way to integrate the master regulator of immunity into a better understanding of cancer evolution and its dynamic interplay with the immune system. This may represent a step forward in our ability to select the best form of immunotherapy for individual patients and likewise help better predict response to immunotherapy. I see this work as a major step to bridge cancer genomics and cancer immunity."
Maurizio Zanetti, MD, study co-author, who is professor of medicine at UC San Diego School of Medicine and head of the Laboratory of Immunology at Moores Cancer Center.
How different types of bread impact cancer risk