Researchers discover instant messaging in proteins

Proteins are essential for every living cell and responsible for many fundamental processes. In particular, they are required as bio-catalysts in metabolism and for signaling inside the cell and between cells. Many diseases come about as a result of failures in this communication, and the origins of signaling in proteins have been a source of great scientific debate. Now, for the first time, a team of researchers at the University of Göttingen has actually observed the mobile protons that do this job in each and every living cell, thus providing new insights into the mechanisms. The results were published in Nature.

Researchers from the University of Göttingen led by Professors Kai Tittmann and Ricardo Mata found a way to grow high-quality protein crystals of a human protein. The DESY particle accelerator in Hamburg made it possible to observe protons (subatomic particles with a positive charge) moving around within the protein. This surprising "dance of the protons" showed how distant sections of the protein were able to communicate instantaneously with each other - like electricity moving down a wire.

In addition, Tittmann's group obtained high-resolution data for several other proteins, showing in unprecedented detail the structure of a kind of hydrogen bond where two heavier atoms effectively share a proton (known as "low-barrier hydrogen bonding"). This was the second surprise: the data proved that low-barrier hydrogen bonding indeed exists in proteins resolving a decades-long controversy, and in fact plays an essential role in the process.

The proton movements we observed closely resemble the toy known as a Newton's cradle, in which the energy is instantly transported along a chain of suspended metal balls. In proteins, these mobile protons can immediately connect other parts of the protein. The process was simulated with the help of quantum chemical calculations in Professor Mata's laboratory. These calculations provided a new model for the communication mechanism of the protons. "We have known for quite some time that protons can move in a concerted fashion, like in water for example. Now it seems that proteins have evolved in such a way that they can actually use these protons for signaling."

Kai Tittmann, Max Planck Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen

The researchers believe this breakthrough can lead to a better understanding of the chemistry of life, improve the understanding of disease mechanisms and lead to new medications. This advance should enable the development of switchable proteins that can be adapted to a multitude of potential applications in medicine, biotechnology and environmentally friendly chemistry.