Study shows how melanomas assist T cells from identifying and killing tumor cells

Reviewed by Emily Henderson, B.Sc.Dec 17 2020

Cancers like melanoma are hard to treat, not least because they have a varied bag of tricks for defeating or evading treatments.

Now, a combined research effort by the Weizmann Institute of Science, the Netherlands Cancer Institute in Amsterdam, and the University of Oslo shows exactly how tumors, in their fight to survive, will go so far as to starve themselves in order to keep the immune cells that would eradicate them from functioning. The work was published in Nature.

The immunotherapies currently administered for melanomas work by removing obstacles that keep immune cells called T cells from identifying and killing tumor cells. Recent research suggested that, in melanoma, another blocker – one that stops IDO1, an enzyme that is overproduced by cancer cells – could also assist the T cells.

IDO1 breaks down an essential amino acid, tryptophan, that is needed to make proteins; in the process, IDO1 leaves behind tryptophan breakdown byproducts that suppress the immune response.

But IDO1 blockers did not fare well in clinical trials, suggesting that more knowledge was needed – including how the cancer cells, which also require tryptophan, can function after they have destroyed this resource.

The research team – including Prof. Yardena Samuels of the Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Dr. Noam Stern-Ginossar of the Department of Molecular Genetics, and Dr. Yishai Levin at the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, all at the Weizmann Institute; Prof. Reuven Agami at the Netherlands Cancer Institute; and Prof. Johanna Olweus of the University of Oslo – investigated the mystery of the missing tryptophan in melanoma cells.

In earlier research, Prof. Agami had shown that when an amino acid like tryptophan is missing in normal cells, it causes a sort of logjam in the protein production process.

The ribosomes – the cell's protein factory – make their way down a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA), translating three-letter "words" known as codons into amino acids, which they grab and add to the expanding protein chain. When an amino acid is missing, the ribosomes stop working until one can be found, causing a pileup of the next ribosomes moving down the mRNA strand.

But, mysteriously, this does not happen in melanoma cells. The group found that some ribosomes manage to keep going, past the codons encoding the missing tryptophan. What was happening?

It turned out that the melanoma ribosomes were engaging in a ruse known as "frameshifting." That is, they simply moved up or down one letter in the RNA strand.

In the economical gene code – based on just four letters – the next three spelled the name of a different amino acid and the ribosomes continued down the mRNA strand, assembling protein chains.

Of course, the frames of subsequent codon triplets shifted as well, meaning that the resultant proteins were quite abnormal. The cancer cells then displayed them on their outer membranes, where immune cells could pick up on the aberrant protein structures.

Such frameshifting had been seen before in viruses and bacteria, but not in human cells. Previous studies have missed these proteins because they do not arise from genetic mutations (of which melanoma has hundreds), but, rather, from a sort of calculated blip in the production process.

Prof. Agami, whose lab is now investigating exactly how this frameshifting is initiated and whether it occurs in other cancers, says: "This flexibility in mRNA translation might stimulate tumor growth and aggressive behavior by using an emergency program for scarcity."

Dr. Osnat Bartok, in Prof. Samuels's group, states that "When things get stressful in the tumor's microenvironment, it can affect protein production, harming immune cells but also adding to the immune cells' clues for identifying cancer."

These findings add to our knowledge of immune system interactions with cancer as well as the landscape immune cells encounter in a tumor. They suggest exciting ways we might regulate and therapeutically target the presentation of defective immune-reactive peptides on the cell surface."

Yardena Samuels, Professor, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science